1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
<!--
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
-->
<title>SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</title>
<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" />
<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>
<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
<div id="path">
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.5</a> > <a href="./">SSL/TLS</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/ssl/ssl_faq.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="../fr/ssl/ssl_faq.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p>
</div>
<blockquote>
<p>The wise man doesn't give the right answers,
he poses the right questions.</p>
<p class="cite">-- <cite>Claude Levi-Strauss</cite></p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#aboutconfig">Configuration</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#aboutcerts">Certificates</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#aboutssl">The SSL Protocol</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#support">mod_ssl Support</a></li>
</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="installation" id="installation">Installation</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#installation" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#mutex">Why do I get permission errors related to
SSLMutex when I start Apache?</a></li>
<li><a href="#entropy">Why does mod_ssl stop with the error "Failed to
generate temporary 512 bit RSA private key" when I start Apache?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="mutex" id="mutex">Why do I get permission errors related to
SSLMutex when I start Apache?</a></h3>
<p>Errors such as ``<code>mod_ssl: Child could not open
SSLMutex lockfile /opt/apache/logs/ssl_mutex.18332 (System error follows)
[...] System: Permission denied (errno: 13)</code>'' are usually
caused by overly restrictive permissions on the <em>parent</em> directories.
Make sure that all parent directories (here <code>/opt</code>,
<code>/opt/apache</code> and <code>/opt/apache/logs</code>) have the x-bit
set for, at minimum, the UID under which Apache's children are running (see
the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#user">User</a></code> directive).</p>
<h3><a name="entropy" id="entropy">Why does mod_ssl stop with the error
"Failed to generate temporary 512 bit RSA private key" when I start
Apache?</a></h3>
<p>Cryptographic software needs a source of unpredictable data
to work correctly. Many open source operating systems provide
a "randomness device" that serves this purpose (usually named
<code>/dev/random</code>). On other systems, applications have to
seed the OpenSSL Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) manually with
appropriate data before generating keys or performing public key
encryption. As of version 0.9.5, the OpenSSL functions that need
randomness report an error if the PRNG has not been seeded with
at least 128 bits of randomness.</p>
<p>To prevent this error, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> has to provide
enough entropy to the PRNG to allow it to work correctly. This can
be done via the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslrandomseed">SSLRandomSeed</a></code>
directive.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="aboutconfig" id="aboutconfig">Configuration</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#aboutconfig" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#parallel">Is it possible to provide HTTP and HTTPS from
the same server?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ports">Which port does HTTPS use?</a></li>
<li><a href="#httpstest">How do I speak HTTPS manually for testing
purposes?</a></li>
<li><a href="#hang">Why does the connection hang when I connect to my
SSL-aware Apache server?</a></li>
<li><a href="#refused">Why do I get ``Connection Refused'' errors, when
trying to access my newly installed Apache+mod_ssl server via HTTPS?</a></li>
<li><a href="#envvars">Why are the <code>SSL_XXX</code> variables not
available to my CGI & SSI scripts?</a></li>
<li><a href="#relative">How can I switch between HTTP and HTTPS in
relative hyperlinks?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="parallel" id="parallel">Is it possible to provide HTTP and HTTPS
from the same server?</a></h3>
<p>Yes. HTTP and HTTPS use different server ports (HTTP binds to
port 80, HTTPS to port 443), so there is no direct conflict between
them. You can either run two separate server instances bound to
these ports, or use Apache's elegant virtual hosting facility to
create two virtual servers, both served by the same instance of Apache
- one responding over HTTP to requests on port 80, and the other
responding over HTTPS to requests on port 443.</p>
<h3><a name="ports" id="ports">Which port does HTTPS use?</a></h3>
<p>You can run HTTPS on any port, but the standards specify port 443, which
is where any HTTPS compliant browser will look by default. You can force
your browser to look on a different port by specifying it in the URL. For
example, if your server is set up to serve pages over HTTPS on port 8080,
you can access them at <code>https://example.com:8080/</code></p>
<h3><a name="httpstest" id="httpstest">How do I speak HTTPS manually for testing purposes?</a></h3>
<p>While you usually just use</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>$ telnet localhost 80<br />
GET / HTTP/1.0</code></p></div>
<p>for simple testing of Apache via HTTP, it's not so easy for
HTTPS because of the SSL protocol between TCP and HTTP. With the
help of OpenSSL's <code>s_client</code> command, however, you can
do a similar check via HTTPS:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>$ openssl s_client -connect localhost:443 -state -debug<br />
GET / HTTP/1.0</code></p></div>
<p>Before the actual HTTP response you will receive detailed
information about the SSL handshake. For a more general command
line client which directly understands both HTTP and HTTPS, can
perform GET and POST operations, can use a proxy, supports byte
ranges, etc. you should have a look at the nifty
<a href="http://curl.haxx.se/">cURL</a> tool. Using this, you can
check that Apache is responding correctly to requests via HTTP and
HTTPS as follows:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>$ curl http://localhost/<br />
$ curl https://localhost/</code></p></div>
<h3><a name="hang" id="hang">Why does the connection hang when I connect
to my SSL-aware Apache server?</a></h3>
<p>This can happen when you try to connect to a HTTPS server (or virtual
server) via HTTP (eg, using <code>http://example.com/</code> instead of
<code>https://example.com</code>). It can also happen when trying to
connect via HTTPS to a HTTP server (eg, using
<code>https://example.com/</code> on a server which doesn't support HTTPS,
or which supports it on a non-standard port). Make sure that you're
connecting to a (virtual) server that supports SSL.</p>
<h3><a name="refused" id="refused">Why do I get ``Connection Refused'' messages,
when trying to access my newly installed Apache+mod_ssl server via HTTPS?</a></h3>
<p>
This error can be caused by an incorrect configuration.
Please make sure that your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mpm_common.html#listen">Listen</a></code> directives match your
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#virtualhost"><VirtualHost></a></code>
directives. If all else fails, please start afresh, using the default
configuration provided by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code>.</p>
<h3><a name="envvars" id="envvars">Why are the <code>SSL_XXX</code> variables
not available to my CGI & SSI scripts?</a></h3>
<p>Please make sure you have ``<code>SSLOptions +StdEnvVars</code>''
enabled for the context of your CGI/SSI requests.</p>
<h3><a name="relative" id="relative">How can I switch between HTTP and HTTPS in relative
hyperlinks?</a></h3>
<p>Usually, to switch between HTTP and HTTPS, you have to use
fully-qualified hyperlinks (because you have to change the URL
scheme). Using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> however, you can
manipulate relative hyperlinks, to achieve the same effect.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule "^/(.*)_SSL$" "https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1" [R,L]
RewriteRule "^/(.*)_NOSSL$" "http://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1" [R,L]</pre>
<p>This rewrite ruleset lets you use hyperlinks of the form
<code><a href="document.html_SSL"></code>, to switch to HTTPS
in a relative link. (Replace SSL with NOSSL to switch to HTTP.)</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="aboutcerts" id="aboutcerts">Certificates</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#aboutcerts" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#keyscerts">What are RSA Private Keys, CSRs and
Certificates?</a></li>
<li><a href="#startup">Is there a difference on startup between
a non-SSL-aware Apache and an SSL-aware Apache?</a></li>
<li><a href="#selfcert">How do I create a self-signed SSL
Certificate for testing purposes?</a></li>
<li><a href="#realcert">How do I create a real SSL Certificate?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ownca">How do I create and use my own Certificate
Authority (CA)?</a></li>
<li><a href="#passphrase">How can I change the pass-phrase on my private
key file?</a></li>
<li><a href="#removepassphrase">How can I get rid of the pass-phrase
dialog at Apache startup time?</a></li>
<li><a href="#verify">How do I verify that a private key matches its
Certificate?</a></li>
<li><a href="#pemder">How can I convert a certificate from PEM to DER
format?</a></li>
<li><a href="#gid">Why do browsers complain that they cannot
verify my server certificate?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="keyscerts" id="keyscerts">What are RSA Private Keys, CSRs and Certificates?</a></h3>
<p>An RSA private key file is a digital file that you can use to decrypt
messages sent to you. It has a public component which you distribute (via
your Certificate file) which allows people to encrypt those messages to
you.</p>
<p>A Certificate Signing Request (CSR) is a digital file which contains
your public key and your name. You send the CSR to a Certifying Authority
(CA), who will convert it into a real Certificate, by signing it.</p>
<p>A Certificate contains your
RSA public key, your name, the name of the CA, and is digitally signed by
the CA. Browsers that know the CA can verify the signature on that
Certificate, thereby obtaining your RSA public key. That enables them to
send messages which only you can decrypt.</p>
<p>See the <a href="ssl_intro.html">Introduction</a> chapter for a general
description of the SSL protocol.</p>
<h3><a name="startup" id="startup">Is there a difference on startup between
a non-SSL-aware Apache and an SSL-aware Apache?</a></h3>
<p>Yes. In general, starting Apache with
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> built-in is just like starting Apache
without it. However, if you have a passphrase on your SSL private
key file, a startup dialog will pop up which asks you to enter the
pass phrase.</p>
<p>Having to manually enter the passphrase when starting the server
can be problematic - for example, when starting the server from the
system boot scripts. In this case, you can follow the steps
<a href="#removepassphrase">below</a> to remove the passphrase from
your private key. Bear in mind that doing so brings additional security
risks - proceed with caution!</p>
<h3><a name="selfcert" id="selfcert">How do I create a self-signed SSL
Certificate for testing purposes?</a></h3>
<ol>
<li>Make sure OpenSSL is installed and in your <code>PATH</code>.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Run the following command, to create <code>server.key</code> and
<code>server.crt</code> files:<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -out server.crt
-keyout server.key</strong></code><br />
These can be used as follows in your <code>httpd.conf</code>
file:
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">SSLCertificateFile /path/to/this/server.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/this/server.key</pre>
</li>
<li>It is important that you are aware that this
<code>server.key</code> does <em>not</em> have any passphrase.
To add a passphrase to the key, you should run the following
command, and enter & verify the passphrase as requested.<br />
<p><code><strong>$ openssl rsa -des3 -in server.key -out
server.key.new</strong></code><br />
<code><strong>$ mv server.key.new server.key</strong></code><br /></p>
Please backup the <code>server.key</code> file, and the passphrase
you entered, in a secure location.
</li>
</ol>
<h3><a name="realcert" id="realcert">How do I create a real SSL Certificate?</a></h3>
<p>Here is a step-by-step description:</p>
<ol>
<li>Make sure OpenSSL is installed and in your <code>PATH</code>.
<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Create a RSA private key for your Apache server
(will be Triple-DES encrypted and PEM formatted):<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048</strong></code><br />
<br />
Please backup this <code>server.key</code> file and the
pass-phrase you entered in a secure location.
You can see the details of this RSA private key by using the command:<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key</strong></code><br />
<br />
If necessary, you can also create a decrypted PEM version (not
recommended) of this RSA private key with:<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key.unsecure</strong></code><br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) with the server RSA private
key (output will be PEM formatted):<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr</strong></code><br />
<br />
Make sure you enter the FQDN ("Fully Qualified Domain Name") of the
server when OpenSSL prompts you for the "CommonName", i.e. when you
generate a CSR for a website which will be later accessed via
<code>https://www.foo.dom/</code>, enter "www.foo.dom" here.
You can see the details of this CSR by using<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl req -noout -text -in server.csr</strong></code><br />
<br />
</li>
<li>You now have to send this Certificate Signing Request (CSR) to
a Certifying Authority (CA) to be signed. Once the CSR has been
signed, you will have a real Certificate, which can be used by
Apache. You can have a CSR signed by a commercial CA, or you can
create your own CA to sign it.<br />
Commercial CAs usually ask you to post the CSR into a web form,
pay for the signing, and then send a signed Certificate, which
you can store in a server.crt file.<br />
For details on how to create your own CA, and use this to sign
a CSR, see <a href="#ownca">below</a>.<br />
Once your CSR has been signed, you can see the details of the
Certificate as follows:<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt</strong></code><br />
</li>
<li>You should now have two files: <code>server.key</code> and
<code>server.crt</code>. These can be used as follows in your
<code>httpd.conf</code> file:
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">SSLCertificateFile /path/to/this/server.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/this/server.key</pre>
The <code>server.csr</code> file is no longer needed.
</li>
</ol>
<h3><a name="ownca" id="ownca">How do I create and use my own Certificate Authority (CA)?</a></h3>
<p>The short answer is to use the <code>CA.sh</code> or <code>CA.pl</code>
script provided by OpenSSL. Unless you have a good reason not to,
you should use these for preference. If you cannot, you can create a
self-signed certificate as follows:</p>
<ol>
<li>Create a RSA private key for your server
(will be Triple-DES encrypted and PEM formatted):<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048</strong></code><br />
<br />
Please backup this <code>server.key</code> file and the
pass-phrase you entered in a secure location.
You can see the details of this RSA private key by using the
command:<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key</strong></code><br />
<br />
If necessary, you can also create a decrypted PEM version (not
recommended) of this RSA private key with:<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key.unsecure</strong></code><br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Create a self-signed Certificate (X509 structure)
with the RSA key you just created (output will be PEM formatted):<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -sha1 -days 365
-key server.key -out server.crt -extensions usr_cert</strong></code><br />
<br />
This signs the server CSR and results in a <code>server.crt</code> file.<br />
You can see the details of this Certificate using:<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt</strong></code><br />
<br />
</li>
</ol>
<h3><a name="passphrase" id="passphrase">How can I change the pass-phrase on my private key file?</a></h3>
<p>You simply have to read it with the old pass-phrase and write it again,
specifying the new pass-phrase. You can accomplish this with the following commands:</p>
<p><code><strong>$ openssl rsa -des3 -in server.key -out server.key.new</strong></code><br />
<code><strong>$ mv server.key.new server.key</strong></code><br /></p>
<p>The first time you're asked for a PEM pass-phrase, you should
enter the old pass-phrase. After that, you'll be asked again to
enter a pass-phrase - this time, use the new pass-phrase. If you
are asked to verify the pass-phrase, you'll need to enter the new
pass-phrase a second time.</p>
<h3><a name="removepassphrase" id="removepassphrase">How can I get rid of the pass-phrase dialog at Apache startup time?</a></h3>
<p>The reason this dialog pops up at startup and every re-start
is that the RSA private key inside your server.key file is stored in
encrypted format for security reasons. The pass-phrase is needed to decrypt
this file, so it can be read and parsed. Removing the pass-phrase
removes a layer of security from your server - proceed with caution!</p>
<ol>
<li>Remove the encryption from the RSA private key (while
keeping a backup copy of the original file):<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ cp server.key server.key.org</strong></code><br />
<code><strong>$ openssl rsa -in server.key.org -out server.key</strong></code><br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Make sure the server.key file is only readable by root:<br />
<br />
<code><strong>$ chmod 400 server.key</strong></code><br />
<br />
</li>
</ol>
<p>Now <code>server.key</code> contains an unencrypted copy of the key.
If you point your server at this file, it will not prompt you for a
pass-phrase. HOWEVER, if anyone gets this key they will be able to
impersonate you on the net. PLEASE make sure that the permissions on this
file are such that only root or the web server user can read it
(preferably get your web server to start as root but run as another
user, and have the key readable only by root).</p>
<p>As an alternative approach you can use the ``<code>SSLPassPhraseDialog
exec:/path/to/program</code>'' facility. Bear in mind that this is
neither more nor less secure, of course.</p>
<h3><a name="verify" id="verify">How do I verify that a private key matches its Certificate?</a></h3>
<p>A private key contains a series of numbers. Two of these numbers form
the "public key", the others are part of the "private key". The "public
key" bits are included when you generate a CSR, and subsequently form
part of the associated Certificate.</p>
<p>To check that the public key in your Certificate matches the public
portion of your private key, you simply need to compare these numbers.
To view the Certificate and the key run the commands:</p>
<p><code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt</strong></code><br />
<code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key</strong></code></p>
<p>The `modulus' and the `public exponent' portions in the key and the
Certificate must match. As the public exponent is usually 65537
and it's difficult to visually check that the long modulus numbers
are the same, you can use the following approach:</p>
<p><code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -modulus -in server.crt | openssl md5</strong></code><br />
<code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -modulus -in server.key | openssl md5</strong></code></p>
<p>This leaves you with two rather shorter numbers to compare. It is,
in theory, possible that these numbers may be the same, without the
modulus numbers being the same, but the chances of this are
overwhelmingly remote.</p>
<p>Should you wish to check to which key or certificate a particular
CSR belongs you can perform the same calculation on the CSR as
follows:</p>
<p><code><strong>$ openssl req -noout -modulus -in server.csr | openssl md5</strong></code></p>
<h3><a name="pemder" id="pemder">How can I convert a certificate from PEM to DER format?</a></h3>
<p>The default certificate format for OpenSSL is PEM, which is simply
Base64 encoded DER, with header and footer lines. For some applications
(e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer) you need the certificate in plain DER
format. You can convert a PEM file <code>cert.pem</code> into the
corresponding DER file <code>cert.der</code> using the following command:
<code><strong>$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -out cert.der -outform DER</strong></code></p>
<h3><a name="gid" id="gid">Why do browsers complain that they cannot verify my server certificate?</a></h3>
<p>One reason this might happen is because your server certificate is signed
by an intermediate CA. Various CAs, such as Verisign or Thawte, have started
signing certificates not with their root certificate but with intermediate
certificates.</p>
<p>Intermediate CA certificates lie between the root CA certificate (which is
installed in the browsers) and the server certificate (which you installed
on the server). In order for the browser to be able to traverse and verify
the trust chain from the server certificate to the root certificate it
needs need to be given the intermediate certificates. The CAs should
be able to provide you such intermediate certificate packages that can be
installed on the server.</p>
<p>You need to include those intermediate certificates with the
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslcertificatechainfile">SSLCertificateChainFile</a></code>
directive.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="aboutssl" id="aboutssl">The SSL Protocol</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#aboutssl" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#random">Why do I get lots of random SSL protocol
errors under heavy server load?</a></li>
<li><a href="#load">Why does my webserver have a higher load, now
that it serves SSL encrypted traffic?</a></li>
<li><a href="#establishing">Why do HTTPS connections to my server
sometimes take up to 30 seconds to establish a connection?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ciphers">What SSL Ciphers are supported by mod_ssl?</a></li>
<li><a href="#adh">Why do I get ``no shared cipher'' errors, when
trying to use Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH) ciphers?</a></li>
<li><a href="#sharedciphers">Why do I get a 'no shared ciphers'
error when connecting to my newly installed server?</a></li>
<li><a href="#vhosts">Why can't I use SSL with name-based/non-IP-based
virtual hosts?</a></li>
<li><a href="#vhosts2">Is it possible to use Name-Based Virtual
Hosting to identify different SSL virtual hosts?</a></li>
<li><a href="#comp">How do I get SSL compression working?</a></li>
<li><a href="#lockicon">When I use Basic Authentication over HTTPS
the lock icon in Netscape browsers stays unlocked when the dialog pops up.
Does this mean the username/password is being sent unencrypted?</a></li>
<li><a href="#msie">Why do I get I/O errors when connecting via
HTTPS to an Apache+mod_ssl server with Microsoft Internet Explorer
(MSIE)?</a></li>
<li><a href="#srp">How do I enable TLS-SRP?</a></li>
<li><a href="#javadh">Why do I get handshake failures with Java-based clients when using a certificate with more than 1024 bits?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="random" id="random">Why do I get lots of random SSL protocol
errors under heavy server load?</a></h3>
<p>There can be a number of reasons for this, but the main one
is problems with the SSL session Cache specified by the
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslsessioncache">SSLSessionCache</a></code> directive. The DBM session
cache is the most likely source of the problem, so using the SHM session cache (or
no cache at all) may help.</p>
<h3><a name="load" id="load">Why does my webserver have a higher load, now
that it serves SSL encrypted traffic?</a></h3>
<p>SSL uses strong cryptographic encryption, which necessitates a lot of
number crunching. When you request a webpage via HTTPS, everything (even
the images) is encrypted before it is transferred. So increased HTTPS
traffic leads to load increases.</p>
<h3><a name="establishing" id="establishing">Why do HTTPS connections to my server
sometimes take up to 30 seconds to establish a connection?</a></h3>
<p>This is usually caused by a <code>/dev/random</code> device for
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslrandomseed">SSLRandomSeed</a></code> which blocks the
read(2) call until enough entropy is available to service the
request. More information is available in the reference
manual for the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslrandomseed">SSLRandomSeed</a></code>
directive.</p>
<h3><a name="ciphers" id="ciphers">What SSL Ciphers are supported by mod_ssl?</a></h3>
<p>Usually, any SSL ciphers supported by the version of OpenSSL in use,
are also supported by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code>. Which ciphers are
available can depend on the way you built OpenSSL. Typically, at
least the following ciphers are supported:</p>
<ol>
<li>RC4 with SHA1</li>
<li>AES with SHA1</li>
<li>Triple-DES with SHA1</li>
</ol>
<p>To determine the actual list of ciphers available, you should run
the following:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>$ openssl ciphers -v</code></p></div>
<h3><a name="adh" id="adh">Why do I get ``no shared cipher'' errors, when
trying to use Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH) ciphers?</a></h3>
<p>By default, OpenSSL does <em>not</em> allow ADH ciphers, for security
reasons. Please be sure you are aware of the potential side-effects
if you choose to enable these ciphers.</p>
<p>In order to use Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH) ciphers, you must
build OpenSSL with ``<code>-DSSL_ALLOW_ADH</code>'', and then add
``<code>ADH</code>'' into your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslciphersuite">SSLCipherSuite</a></code>.</p>
<h3><a name="sharedciphers" id="sharedciphers">Why do I get a 'no shared ciphers'
error when connecting to my newly installed server?</a></h3>
<p>Either you have made a mistake with your
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslciphersuite">SSLCipherSuite</a></code>
directive (compare it with the pre-configured example in
<code>extra/httpd-ssl.conf</code>) or you chose to use DSA/DH
algorithms instead of RSA when you generated your private key
and ignored or overlooked the warnings. If you have chosen
DSA/DH, then your server cannot communicate using RSA-based SSL
ciphers (at least until you configure an additional RSA-based
certificate/key pair). Modern browsers like NS or IE can only
communicate over SSL using RSA ciphers. The result is the
"no shared ciphers" error. To fix this, regenerate your server
certificate/key pair, using the RSA algorithm.</p>
<h3><a name="vhosts" id="vhosts">Why can't I use SSL with name-based/non-IP-based virtual hosts?</a></h3>
<p>The reason is very technical, and a somewhat "chicken and egg" problem.
The SSL protocol layer stays below the HTTP protocol layer and
encapsulates HTTP. When an SSL connection (HTTPS) is established
Apache/mod_ssl has to negotiate the SSL protocol parameters with the
client. For this, mod_ssl has to consult the configuration of the virtual
server (for instance it has to look for the cipher suite, the server
certificate, etc.). But in order to go to the correct virtual server
Apache has to know the <code>Host</code> HTTP header field. To do this, the
HTTP request header has to be read. This cannot be done before the SSL
handshake is finished, but the information is needed in order to
complete the SSL handshake phase. See the next question for how to
circumvent this issue.</p>
<p>Note that if you have a wildcard SSL certificate, or a
certificate that has multiple hostnames on it using subjectAltName
fields, you can use SSL on name-based virtual hosts without further
workarounds.</p>
<h3><a name="vhosts2" id="vhosts2">Is it possible to use Name-Based
Virtual Hosting to identify different SSL virtual hosts?</a></h3>
<p>Name-Based Virtual Hosting is a very popular method of identifying
different virtual hosts. It allows you to use the same IP address and
the same port number for many different sites. When people move on to
SSL, it seems natural to assume that the same method can be used to have
lots of different SSL virtual hosts on the same server.</p>
<p>It is possible, but only if using a 2.2.12 or later web server,
built with 0.9.8j or later OpenSSL. This is because it requires a
feature that only the most recent revisions of the SSL
specification added, called Server Name Indication (SNI).</p>
<p>Note that if you have a wildcard SSL certificate, or a
certificate that has multiple hostnames on it using subjectAltName
fields, you can use SSL on name-based virtual hosts without further
workarounds.</p>
<p>The reason is that the SSL protocol is a separate layer which
encapsulates the HTTP protocol. So the SSL session is a separate
transaction, that takes place before the HTTP session has begun.
The server receives an SSL request on IP address X and port Y
(usually 443). Since the SSL request did not contain any Host:
field, the server had no way to decide which SSL virtual host to use.
Usually, it just used the first one it found which matched the
port and IP address specified.</p>
<p>If you are using a version of the web server and OpenSSL that
support SNI, though, and the client's browser also supports SNI,
then the hostname is included in the original SSL request, and the
web server can select the correct SSL virtual host.</p>
<p>You can, of course, use Name-Based Virtual Hosting to identify many
non-SSL virtual hosts (all on port 80, for example) and then
have a single SSL virtual host (on port 443). But if you do this,
you must make sure to put the non-SSL port number on the NameVirtualHost
directive, e.g.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">NameVirtualHost 192.168.1.1:80</pre>
<p>Other workaround solutions include: </p>
<p>Using separate IP addresses for different SSL hosts.
Using different port numbers for different SSL hosts.</p>
<h3><a name="comp" id="comp">How do I get SSL compression working?</a></h3>
<p>Although SSL compression negotiation was defined in the specification
of SSLv2 and TLS, it took until May 2004 for RFC 3749 to define DEFLATE as
a negotiable standard compression method.
</p>
<p>OpenSSL 0.9.8 started to support this by default when compiled with the
<code>zlib</code> option. If both the client and the server support compression,
it will be used. However, most clients still try to initially connect with an
SSLv2 Hello. As SSLv2 did not include an array of preferred compression algorithms
in its handshake, compression cannot be negotiated with these clients.
If the client disables support for SSLv2, either an SSLv3 or TLS Hello
may be sent, depending on which SSL library is used, and compression may
be set up. You can verify whether clients make use of SSL compression by
logging the <code>%{SSL_COMPRESS_METHOD}x</code> variable.
</p>
<h3><a name="lockicon" id="lockicon">When I use Basic Authentication over HTTPS
the lock icon in Netscape browsers stays unlocked when the dialog pops up.
Does this mean the username/password is being sent unencrypted?</a></h3>
<p>No, the username/password is transmitted encrypted. The icon in
Netscape browsers is not actually synchronized with the SSL/TLS layer.
It only toggles to the locked state when the first part of the actual
webpage data is transferred, which may confuse people. The Basic
Authentication facility is part of the HTTP layer, which is above
the SSL/TLS layer in HTTPS. Before any HTTP data communication takes
place in HTTPS, the SSL/TLS layer has already completed its handshake
phase, and switched to encrypted communication. So don't be
confused by this icon.</p>
<h3><a name="msie" id="msie">Why do I get I/O errors when connecting via
HTTPS to an Apache+mod_ssl server with older versions of Microsoft Internet
Explorer (MSIE)?</a></h3>
<p>The first reason is that the SSL implementation in some MSIE versions has
some subtle bugs related to the HTTP keep-alive facility and the SSL close
notify alerts on socket connection close. Additionally the interaction
between SSL and HTTP/1.1 features are problematic in some MSIE versions.
You can work around these problems by forcing Apache not to use HTTP/1.1,
keep-alive connections or send the SSL close notify messages to MSIE clients.
This can be done by using the following directive in your SSL-aware
virtual host section:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">SetEnvIf User-Agent "MSIE [2-5]" \
nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0</pre>
<p>Further, some MSIE versions have problems with particular ciphers.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to implement a MSIE-specific
workaround for this, because the ciphers are needed as early as the
SSL handshake phase. So a MSIE-specific
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code> won't solve these
problems. Instead, you will have to make more drastic
adjustments to the global parameters. Before you decide to do
this, make sure your clients really have problems. If not, do not
make these changes - they will affect <em>all</em> your clients, MSIE
or otherwise.</p>
<h3><a name="srp" id="srp">How do I enable TLS-SRP?</a></h3>
<p>TLS-SRP (Secure Remote Password key exchange for TLS, specified in RFC 5054)
can supplement or replace certificates in authenticating an SSL connection.
To use TLS-SRP, set the
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslsrpverifierfile">SSLSRPVerifierFile</a></code> directive to
point to an OpenSSL SRP verifier file. To create the verifier file, use the
<code>openssl</code> tool:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
openssl srp -srpvfile passwd.srpv -add username
</code></p></div>
<p>After creating this file, specify it in the SSL server configuration:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
SSLSRPVerifierFile /path/to/passwd.srpv
</code></p></div>
<p>To force clients to use non-certificate TLS-SRP cipher suites, use the
following directive:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
SSLCipherSuite "!DSS:!aRSA:SRP"
</code></p></div>
<h3><a name="javadh" id="javadh">Why do I get handshake failures with Java-based clients when using a certificate with more than 1024 bits?</a></h3>
<p>Beginning with version 2.5.0-dev as of 2013-09-29,
<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> will use DH parameters which include primes
with lengths of more than 1024 bits. Java 7 and earlier limit their
support for DH prime sizes to a maximum of 1024 bits, however.</p>
<p>If your Java-based client aborts with exceptions such as
<code>java.lang.RuntimeException: Could not generate DH keypair</code> and
<code>java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException: Prime size must be
multiple of 64, and can only range from 512 to 1024 (inclusive)</code>,
and httpd logs <code>tlsv1 alert internal error (SSL alert number 80)</code>
(at <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#loglevel">LogLevel</a></code> <code>info</code>
or higher), you can either rearrange mod_ssl's cipher list with
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslciphersuite">SSLCipherSuite</a></code>
(possibly in conjunction with <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslhonorcipherorder">SSLHonorCipherOrder</a></code>),
or you can use custom DH parameters with a 1024-bit prime, which
will always have precedence over any of the built-in DH parameters.</p>
<p>To generate custom DH parameters, use the <code>openssl dhparam 1024</code>
command. Alternatively, you can use the following standard 1024-bit DH
parameters from <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2409.txt">RFC 2409</a>,
section 6.2:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>-----BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
MIGHAoGBAP//////////yQ/aoiFowjTExmKLgNwc0SkCTgiKZ8x0Agu+pjsTmyJR
Sgh5jjQE3e+VGbPNOkMbMCsKbfJfFDdP4TVtbVHCReSFtXZiXn7G9ExC6aY37WsL
/1y29Aa37e44a/taiZ+lrp8kEXxLH+ZJKGZR7OZTgf//////////AgEC
-----END DH PARAMETERS-----</pre></div>
<p>Add the custom parameters including the "BEGIN DH PARAMETERS" and
"END DH PARAMETERS" lines to the end of the first certificate file
you have configured using the
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslcertificatefile">SSLCertificateFile</a></code> directive.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="support" id="support">mod_ssl Support</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#support" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#resources">What information resources are available in
case of mod_ssl problems?</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">What support contacts are available in case of
mod_ssl problems?</a></li>
<li><a href="#reportdetails">What information should I
provide when writing a bug report?</a></li>
<li><a href="#coredumphelp">I had a core dump, can you help me?</a></li>
<li><a href="#backtrace">How do I get a backtrace, to help find the reason
for my core dump?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="resources" id="resources">What information resources are available in case of mod_ssl problems?</a></h3>
<p>The following information resources are available.
In case of problems you should search here first.</p>
<dl>
<dt>Answers in the User Manual's F.A.Q. List (this)</dt>
<dd><a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/ssl/ssl_faq.html">
http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/ssl/ssl_faq.html</a><br />
First check the F.A.Q. (this text). If your problem is a common
one, it may have been answered several times before, and been included
in this doc.
</dd>
</dl>
<h3><a name="contact" id="contact">What support contacts are available in case
of mod_ssl problems?</a></h3>
<p>The following lists all support possibilities for mod_ssl, in order of
preference. Please go through these possibilities
<em>in this order</em> - don't just pick the one you like the look of. </p>
<ol>
<li><em>Send a Problem Report to the Apache httpd Users Support Mailing List</em><br />
<a href="mailto:users@httpd.apache.org">
users@httpd.apache.org</a><br />
This is the second way of submitting your problem report. Again, you must
subscribe to the list first, but you can then easily discuss your problem
with the whole Apache httpd user community.
</li>
<li><em>Write a Problem Report in the Bug Database</em><br />
<a href="http://httpd.apache.org/bug_report.html">
http://httpd.apache.org/bug_report.html</a><br />
This is the last way of submitting your problem report. You should only
do this if you've already posted to the mailing lists, and had no success.
Please follow the instructions on the above page <em>carefully</em>.
</li>
</ol>
<h3><a name="reportdetails" id="reportdetails">What information should I
provide when writing a bug report?</a></h3>
<p>You should always provide at least the following information:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Apache httpd and OpenSSL version information</dt>
<dd>The Apache version can be determined
by running <code>httpd -v</code>. The OpenSSL version can be
determined by running <code>openssl version</code>. Alternatively, if
you have Lynx installed, you can run the command <code>lynx -mime_header
http://localhost/ | grep Server</code> to gather this information in a
single step.
</dd>
<dt>The details on how you built and installed Apache httpd and OpenSSL</dt>
<dd>For this you can provide a logfile of your terminal session which shows
the configuration and install steps. If this is not possible, you
should at least provide the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/configure.html">configure</a></code> command line you used.
</dd>
<dt>In case of core dumps please include a Backtrace</dt>
<dd>If your Apache httpd dumps its core, please attach
a stack-frame ``backtrace'' (see <a href="#backtrace">below</a>
for information on how to get this). This information is required
in order to find a reason for your core dump.
</dd>
<dt>A detailed description of your problem</dt>
<dd>Don't laugh, we really mean it! Many problem reports don't
include a description of what the actual problem is. Without this,
it's very difficult for anyone to help you. So, it's in your own
interest (you want the problem be solved, don't you?) to include as
much detail as possible, please. Of course, you should still include
all the essentials above too.
</dd>
</dl>
<h3><a name="coredumphelp" id="coredumphelp">I had a core dump, can you help me?</a></h3>
<p>In general no, at least not unless you provide more details about the code
location where Apache dumped core. What is usually always required in
order to help you is a backtrace (see next question). Without this
information it is mostly impossible to find the problem and help you in
fixing it.</p>
<h3><a name="backtrace" id="backtrace">How do I get a backtrace, to help find
the reason for my core dump?</a></h3>
<p>Following are the steps you will need to complete, to get a backtrace:</p>
<ol>
<li>Make sure you have debugging symbols available, at least
in Apache. On platforms where you use GCC/GDB, you will have to build
Apache+mod_ssl with ``<code>OPTIM="-g -ggdb3"</code>'' to get this. On
other platforms at least ``<code>OPTIM="-g"</code>'' is needed.
</li>
<li>Start the server and try to reproduce the core-dump. For this you may
want to use a directive like ``<code>CoreDumpDirectory /tmp</code>'' to
make sure that the core-dump file can be written. This should result
in a <code>/tmp/core</code> or <code>/tmp/httpd.core</code> file. If you
don't get one of these, try running your server under a non-root UID.
Many modern kernels do not allow a process to dump core after it has
done a <code>setuid()</code> (unless it does an <code>exec()</code>) for
security reasons (there can be privileged information left over in
memory). If necessary, you can run <code>/path/to/httpd -X</code>
manually to force Apache to not fork.
</li>
<li>Analyze the core-dump. For this, run <code>gdb /path/to/httpd
/tmp/httpd.core</code> or a similar command. In GDB, all you
have to do then is to enter <code>bt</code>, and voila, you get the
backtrace. For other debuggers consult your local debugger manual.
</li>
</ol>
</div></div>
<div class="bottomlang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/ssl/ssl_faq.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="../fr/ssl/ssl_faq.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Freenode, or sent to our <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
<script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
var comments_shortname = 'httpd';
var comments_identifier = 'http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/ssl/ssl_faq.html';
(function(w, d) {
if (w.location.hostname.toLowerCase() == "httpd.apache.org") {
d.write('<div id="comments_thread"><\/div>');
var s = d.createElement('script');
s.type = 'text/javascript';
s.async = true;
s.src = 'https://comments.apache.org/show_comments.lua?site=' + comments_shortname + '&page=' + comments_identifier;
(d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || d.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(s);
}
else {
d.write('<div id="comments_thread">Comments are disabled for this page at the moment.<\/div>');
}
})(window, document);
//--><!]]></script></div><div id="footer">
<p class="apache">Copyright 2021 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div><script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
if (typeof(prettyPrint) !== 'undefined') {
prettyPrint();
}
//--><!]]></script>
</body></html>
|
