// Copyright (C) 2013  Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
//
// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
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// Note: the prefix "hooksdg" to all labels is an abbreviation for "Hooks
// Developer's Guide" and is used to prevent a clash with symbols in any
// other Doxygen file.

/**
 @page hooksdgDevelopersGuide Hooks Developer's Guide

 @section hooksdgIntroduction Introduction

Although the BIND 10 framework and its associated DNS and DHCP programs
provide comprehensive functionality, there will be times when it does
not quite do what you require: the processing has to be extended in some
way to solve your problem.

Since the BIND 10 source code is freely available (BIND 10 being an
open-source project), one option is to modify it to do what
you want.  Whilst perfectly feasible, there are drawbacks:

- Although well-documented, BIND 10 is a large program.  Just
understanding how it works will take a significant amount of time. In
addition, despite the fact that its object-oriented design keeps the
coupling between modules to a minimum, an inappropriate change to one
part of the program during the extension could cause another to
behave oddly or to stop working altogether.

- The change may need to be re-applied or re-written with every new
version of BIND 10.  As new functionality is added or bugs are fixed,
the code or algorithms in the core software may change - and may change
significantly.

To overcome these problems, BIND 10 provides the "Hooks" interface -
a defined interface for third-party or user-written code. (For ease of
reference in the rest of this document, all such code will be referred
to as "user code".)  At specific points in its processing
("hook points") BIND 10 will make a call to this code.  The call passes
data that the user code can examine and, if required, modify.
BIND 10 uses the modified data in the remainder of its processing.

In order to minimise the interaction between BIND 10 and the user
code, the latter is built independently of BIND 10 in the form of
a shared library (or libraries).  These are made known to BIND 10
through its configuration mechanism, and BIND 10 loads the library at
run time. Libraries can be unloaded and reloaded as needed while BIND
10 is running.

Use of a defined API and the BIND 10 configuration mechanism means that
as new versions of BIND 10 are released, there is no need to modify
the user code.  Unless there is a major change in an interface
(which will be clearly documented), all that will be required is a rebuild
of the libraries.

@note Although the defined interface should not change, the internals
of some of the classes and structures referenced by the user code may
change between versions of BIND 10.  These changes have to be reflected
in the compiled version of the software, hence the need for a rebuild.

@subsection hooksdgLanguages Languages

The core of BIND 10 is written in C++.  While it is the intention to
provide interfaces into user code written in other languages, the initial
versions of the Hooks system requires that user code be written in C++.
All examples in this guide are in that language.

@subsection hooksdgTerminology Terminology

In the remainder of this guide, the following terminology is used:

- Hook/Hook Point - used interchageably, this is a point in the code at
which a call to user functions is made. Each hook has a name and
each hook can have any number (including 0) of user functions
attached to it.

- Callout - a user function called by the server at a hook
point. This is so-named because the server "calls out" to the library
to execute a user function.

- Framework function - the functions that a user library needs to
supply in order for the hooks framework to load and unload the library.

- User code/user library - non-BIND 10 code that is compiled into a
shared library and loaded by BIND 10 into its address space.


@section hooksdgTutorial Tutorial

To illustrate how to write code that integrates with BIND 10, we will
use the following (rather contrived) example:

The BIND 10 DHCPv4 server is used to allocate IPv4 addresses to clients
(as well as to pass them other information such as the address of DNS
servers).  We will suppose that we need to classify clients requesting
IPv4 addresses according to their hardware address, and want to log both
the hardware address and allocated IP address for the clients of interest.

The following sections describe how to implement these requirements.
The code presented here is not efficient and there are better ways of
doing the task.  The aim however, is to illustrate the main features of
user hook code not to provide an optimal solution.


@subsection hooksdgFrameworkFunctions Framework Functions

Loading and initializing a library holding user code makes use
of three (user-supplied) functions:

- version - defines the version of BIND 10 code with which the user-library
is built
- load - called when the library is loaded by the server.
- unload - called when the library is unloaded by the server.

Of these, only "version" is mandatory, although in our example, all three
are used.

@subsubsection hooksdgVersionFunction The "version" Function

"version" is used by the hooks framework to check that the libraries
it is loading are compatible with the version of BIND 10 being run.
Although the hooks system allows BIND 10 and user code to interface
through a defined API, the relationship is somewhat tight in that the
user code will depend on the internal structures of BIND 10.  If these
change - as they can between BIND 10 releases - and BIND 10 is run with
a version of user code built against an earlier version of BIND
10, a program crash could result.

To guard against this, the "version" function must be provided in every
library.  It returns a constant defined in header files of the version
of BIND 10 against which it was built.  The hooks framework checks this
for compatibility with the running version of BIND 10 before loading
the library.

In this tutorial, we'll put "version" in its own file, version.cc.  The
contents are:

@code
// version.cc

#include <hooks/hooks.h>

extern "C" {

int version() {
    return (BIND10_HOOKS_VERSION);
}

}
@endcode

The file "hooks/hooks.h" is specified relative to the BIND 10 libraries
source directory - this is covered later in the section @ref hooksdgBuild.
It defines the symbol BIND10_HOOKS_VERSION, which has a value that changes
on every release of BIND 10: this is the value that needs to be returned
to the hooks framework.

A final point to note is that the definition of "version" is enclosed
within 'extern "C"' braces.  All functions accessed by the hooks
framework use C linkage, mainly to avoid the name mangling that
accompanies use of the C++ compiler, but also to avoid issues related
to namespaces.

@subsubsection hooksdgLoadUnloadFunctions The "load" and "unload" Functions

As the names suggest, "load" is called when a library is loaded and
"unload" called when it is unloaded.  (It is always guaranteed that
"load" is called: "unload" may not be called in some circumstances,
e.g. if the system shuts down abnormally.)  These functions are the
places where any library-wide resources are allocated and deallocated.
"load" is also the place where any callouts with non-standard names
(names that are not hook point names) can be registered:
this is covered further in the section @ref hooksdgCalloutRegistration.

The example does not make any use callouts with non-standard names.  However,
as our design requires that the log file be open while BIND 10 is active
and the library loaded, we'll open the file in the "load" function and close
it in "unload".

We create two files, one for the file handle declaration:

@code
// library_common.h

#ifndef LIBRARY_COMMON_H
#define LIBRARY_COMMON_H

#include <fstream>

// "Interesting clients" log file handle declaration.
extern std::fstream interesting;

#endif // LIBRARY_COMMON_H
@endcode

... and one to hold the "load" and "unload" functions:

@code
// load_unload.cc

#include <hooks/hooks.h>
#include "library_common.h"

using namespace isc::hooks;

// "Interesting clients" log file handle definition.
std::fstream interesting;

extern "C" {

int load(LibraryHandle&) {
    interesting.open("/data/clients/interesting.log",
                     std::fstream::out | std::fstream::app);
    return (interesting ? 0 : 1);
}

int unload() {
    if (interesting) {
        interesting.close();
    }
    return (0);
}

}
@endcode

Notes:
- The file handle ("interesting") is declared in a header file and defined
outside of any function.  This means it can be accessed by any function
within the user library.  For convenience, the definition is in the
load_unload.cc file.
- "load" is called with a LibraryHandle argument, this being used in
the registration of functions.  As no functions are being registered
in this example, the argument specification omits the variable name
(whilst retaining the type) to avoid an "unused variable" compiler
warning. (The LibraryHandle and its use is discussed in the section
@ref hooksdgLibraryHandle.)
- In the current version of the hooks framework, it is not possible to pass
any configuration information to the "load" function.  The name of the log
file must therefore be hard-coded as an absolute path name or communicated
to the user code by some other means.
- "load" must 0 on success and non-zero on error.  The hooks framework
will abandon the loading of the library if "load" returns an error status.
(In this example, "interesting" can be tested as a boolean value,
returning "true" if the file opened successfully.)
- "unload" closes the log file if it is open and is a no-op otherwise. As
with "load", a zero value must be returned on success and a non-zero value
on an error.  The hooks framework will record a non-zero status return
as an error in the current BIND 10 log but otherwise ignore it.
- As before, the function definitions are enclosed in 'extern "C"' braces.

@subsection hooksdgCallouts Callouts

Having sorted out the framework, we now come to the functions that
actually do something.  These functions are known as "callouts" because
the BIND 10 code "calls out" to them.  Each BIND 10 server has a number of
hooks to which callouts can be attached: server-specific documentation
describes in detail the points in the server at which the hooks are
present together with the data passed to callouts attached to them.

Before we continue with the example, we'll discuss how arguments are
passed to callouts and information is returned to the server.  We will
also discuss how information can be moved between callouts.

@subsubsection hooksdgCalloutSignature The Callout Signature

All callouts are declared with the signature:
@code
extern "C" {
int callout(CalloutHandle& handle);
}
@endcode

(As before, the callout is declared with "C" linkage.)  Information is passed
between BIND 10 and the callout through name/value pairs in the CalloutHandle
object. The object is also used to pass information between callouts on a
per-request basis. (Both of these concepts are explained below.)

A callout returns an "int" as a status return.  A value of 0 indicates
success, anything else signifies an error.  The status return has no
effect on server processing; the only difference between a success
and error code is that if the latter is returned, the server will
log an error, specifying both the library and hook that generated it.
Effectively the return status provides a quick way for a callout to log
error information to the BIND 10 logging system.

@subsubsection hooksdgArguments Callout Arguments

The CalloutHandle object provides two methods to get and set the
arguments passed to the callout.  These methods are called (naturally
enough) getArgument and SetArgument.  Their usage is illustrated by the
following code snippets.

@code
    // Server-side code snippet to show the setting of arguments

    int count = 10;
    boost::shared_ptr<Pkt4> pktptr = ... // Set to appropriate value

    // Assume that "handle" has been created
    handle.setArgument("data_count", count);
    handle.setArgument("inpacket", pktptr);

    // Call the callouts attached to the hook
    ...

    // Retrieve the modified values
    handle.getArgument("data_count", count);
    handle.getArgument("inpacket", pktptr);
@endcode

In the callout

@code
    int number;
    boost::shared_ptr<Pkt4> packet;

    // Retrieve data set by the server.
    handle.getArgument("data_count", number);
    handle.getArgument("inpacket", packet);

    // Modify "number"
    number = ...;

    // Update the arguments to send the value back to the server.
    handle.setArgument("data_count", number);
@endcode

As can be seen "getArgument" is used to retrieve data from the
CalloutHandle, and setArgument used to put data into it.  If a callout
wishes to alter data and pass it back to the server, it should retrieve
the data with getArgument, modify it, and call setArgument to send
it back.

There are several points to be aware of:

- the data type of the variable in the call to getArgument must match
the data type of the variable passed to the corresponding setArgument
<B>exactly</B>: using what would normally be considered to be a
"compatible" type is not enough.  For example, if the server passed
an argument as an "int" and the callout attempted to retrieve it as a
"long", an exception would be thrown even though any value that can
be stored in an "int" will fit into a "long".  This restriction also
applies the "const" attribute but only as applied to data pointed to by
pointers, e.g. if an argument is defined as a "char*", an exception will
be thrown if an attempt is made to retrieve it into a variable of type
"const char*".  (However, if an argument is set as a "const int", it can
be retrieved into an "int".)  The documentation of each hook point will
detail the data type of each argument.
- Although all arguments can be modified, some altered values may not
be read by the server. (These would be ones that the server considers
"read-only".) Consult the documentation of each hook to see whether an
argument can be used to transfer data back to the server.
- If a pointer to an object is passed to a callout (either a "raw"
pointer, or a boost smart pointer (as in the example above), and the
underlying object is altered through that pointer, the change will be
reflected in the server even if no call is made to setArgument.

In all cases, consult the documentation for the particular hook to see whether
parameters can be modified.  As a general rule:

- Do not alter arguments unless you mean the change to be reflected in
the server.
- If you alter an argument, call CalloutHandle::setArgument to update the
value in the CalloutHandle object.

@subsubsection hooksdgSkipFlag The "Skip" Flag

When a to callouts attached to a hook returns, the server will usually continue
its processing.  However, a callout might have done something that means that
the server should follow another path.  Possible actions a server could take
include:

- Skip the next stage of processing because the callout has already
done it.  For example, a hook is located just before the DHCP server
allocates an address to the client.  A callout may decide to allocate
special addresses for certain clients, in which case it needs to tell
the server not to allocate an address in this case.
- Drop the packet and continue with the next request. A possible scenario
is a DNS server where a callout inspects the source address of an incoming
packet and compares it against a black list; if the address is on it,
the callout notifies the server to drop the packet.

To handle these common cases, the CalloutHandle has a "skip" flag.
This is set by a callout when it wishes the server to skip normal
processing.  It is set false by the hooks framework before callouts on a
hook are called.  If the flag is set on return, the server will take the
"skip" action relevant for the hook.

The methods to get and set the "skip" flag are getSkip and setSkip. Their
usage is intuitive:

@code
    // Get the current setting of the skip flag.
    bool skip = handle.getSkip();

    // Do some processing...
        :
    if (lease_allocated) {
        // Flag the server to skip the next step of the processing as we
        // already have an address.
        handle.setSkip(true);
    }
    return;
    
@endcode

Like arguments, the "skip" flag is passed to all callouts on a hook.  Callouts
later in the list are able to examine (and modify) the settings of earlier ones.

@subsubsection hooksdgCalloutContext Per-Request Context

Although many of the BIND 10 modules can be characterised as handling
singles packet - e.g. the DHCPv4 server receives a DISCOVER packet,
processes it and responds with an OFFER, this is not true in all cases.
The principal exception is the recursive DNS resolver: this receives a
packet from a client but that packet may itself generate multiple packets
being sent to upstream servers. To avoid possible confusion the rest of
this section uses the term "request" to indicate a request by a client
for some information or action.

As well as argument information, the CalloutHandle object can be used by
callouts to attach information to a request being handled by the server.
This information (known as "context") is not used by the server: its purpose
is to allow callouts to pass information between one another on a
per-request basis.

Context only exists only for the duration of the request: when a request
is completed, the context is destroyed.  A new request starts with no
context information.  Context is particularly useful in servers that may
be processing multiple requests simultaneously: callouts can effectively
attach data to a request that follows the request around the system.

Context information is held as name/value pairs in the same way
as arguments, being accessed by the pair of methods setContext and
getContext.  They have the same restrictions as the setArgument and
getArgument methods - the type of data retrieved from context must
<B>exactly</B> match the type of the data set.

The example in the next section illustrates their use.

@subsection hooksdgExampleCallouts Example Callouts

Continuing with the tutorial, the requirements need us to retrieve the
hardware address of the incoming packet, classify it, and write it,
together with the assigned IP address, to a log file.  Although we could
do this in one callout, for this example we'll use two:

- pkt4_receive - a callout on this hook is invoked when a packet has been
received and has been parsed.  It is passed a single argument, "query4"
which is an isc::dhcp::Pkt4 object (representing a DHCP v4 packet).
We will do the classification here.

- pkt4_send - called when a response is just about to be sent back to
the client.  It is passed a single argument "response4".  This is the
point at which the example code will write the hardware and IP addresses
to the log file.

The standard for naming callouts is to give them the same name as
the hook.  If this is done, the callouts will be automatically found
by the Hooks system (this is discussed further in section @ref
hooksdgCalloutRegistration).  For our example, we will assume this is the
case, so the code for the first callout (used to classify the client's
hardware address) is:

@code
// pkt_receive4.cc

#include <hooks/hooks.h>
#include <dhcp/pkt4.h>
#include "library_common.h"

#include <string>

using namespace isc::dhcp;
using namespace isc::hooks;
using namespace std;

extern "C" {

// This callout is called at the "pkt4_receive" hook.
int pkt4_receive(CalloutHandle& handle) {

    // A pointer to the packet is passed to the callout via a "boost" smart
    // pointer. The include file "pkt4.h" typedefs a pointer to the Pkt4
    // object as Pkt4Ptr.  Retrieve a pointer to the object.
    Pkt4Ptr query4_ptr;
    handle.getArgument("query4", query4_ptr);

    // Point to the hardware address.
    HWAddrPtr hwaddr_ptr = query4_ptr->getHWAddr();

    // The hardware address is held in a public member variable. We'll classify
    // it as interesting if the sum of all the bytes in it is divisible by 4.
    //  (This is a contrived example after all!)
    long sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < hwaddr_ptr->hwaddr_.size(); ++i) {
        sum += hwaddr_ptr->hwaddr_[i];
    }

    // Classify it.
    if (sum % 4 == 0) {
        // Store the text form of the hardware address in the context to pass
        // to the next callout.
        string hwaddr = hwaddr_ptr->toText();
        handle.setContext("hwaddr", hwaddr);
    }

    return (0);
};

}
@endcode

The pkt4_receive callout placed the hardware address of an interesting client in
the "hwaddr" context for the packet.  Turning now to the callout that will
write this information to the log file:

@code
// pkt4_send.cc

#include <hooks/hooks.h>
#include <dhcp/pkt4.h>
#include "library_common.h"

#include <string>

using namespace isc::dhcp;
using namespace isc::hooks;
using namespace std;

extern "C" {

// This callout is called at the "pkt4_send" hook.
int pkt4_send(CalloutHandle& handle) {

    // Obtain the hardware address of the "interesting" client.  We have to
    // use a try...catch block here because if the client was not interesting,
    // no information would be set and getArgument would thrown an exception.
    string hwaddr;
    try {
        handle.getContext("hwaddr", hwaddr);

        // getContext didn't throw so the client is interesting.  Get a pointer
        // to the reply.
        Pkt4Ptr response4_ptr;
        handle.getArgument("response4", response4_ptr);

        // Get the string form of the IP address.
        string ipaddr = response4_ptr->getYiaddr().toText();

        // Write the information to the log file.
        interesting << hwaddr << " " << ipaddr << "\n";

        // ... and to guard against a crash, we'll flush the output stream.
        flush(interesting);

    } catch (const NoSuchCalloutContext&) {
        // No such element in the per-request context with the name "hwaddr".
        // This means that the request was not an interesting, so do nothing
        // and dismiss the exception.
     }

    return (0);
}

}
@endcode

@subsection hooksdgBuild Building the Library

Building the code requires building a shareable library.  This requires
the the code be compiled as positition-independent code (using the
compiler's "-fpic" switch) and linked as a shared library (with the
linker's "-shared" switch).  The build command also needs to point to
the BIND 10 include directory and link in the appropriate libraries.

Assuming that BIND 10 has been installed in the default location, the
command line needed to create the library using the Gnu C++ compiler on a
Linux system is:

@code
g++ -I /usr/include/bind10 -L /usr/lib/bind10/lib -fpic -shared -o example.so \
    load_unload.cc pkt4_receive.cc pkt4_send.cc version.cc \
    -lb10-dhcpsrv -lb10-dhcp++ -lb10-hooks -lb10-log -lb10-util -lb10-exceptions
@endcode

Notes:
- The compilation command and switches required may vary depending on
your operating system and compiler - consult the relevant documentation
for details.
- The values for the "-I" and "-L" switches depend on where you have
installed BIND 10.
- The list of libraries that need to be included in the command line
depends on the functionality used by the hook code and the module to
which they are attached (e.g. hook code for DNS will need to link against
the libb10-dns++ library).  Depending on operating system, you may also need
to explicitly list libraries on which the BIND 10 libraries depend.

@subsection hooksdgConfiguration Configuring the Hook Library

The final step is to make the library known to BIND 10.  All BIND 10 modules to
which hooks can be added contain the "hook_library" element, and user
libraries are added to this. (The BIND 10 hooks system can handle multiple libraries - this is discussed below.).

To add the example library (assumed to be in /usr/local/lib) to the DHCPv4
module, the following bindctl commands must be executed:

@code
> config add Dhcp4/hook_libraries
> config set Dhcp4/hook_libraries[0] "/usr/local/lib/example.so"
> config commit
@endcode

The DHCPv4 server will load the library and execute the callouts each time a
request is received.

@note The above assumes that the hooks library will be used with a version of
BIND 10 that is dynamically-linked.  For information regarding running
hooks libraries against a statically-linked BIND 10, see
@ref hooksdgStaticallyLinkedBind10.

@section hooksdgAdvancedTopics Advanced Topics

@subsection hooksdgContextCreateDestroy Context Creation and Destruction

As well as the hooks defined by the server, the hooks framework defines
two hooks of its own, "context_create" and "context_destroy".  The first
is called when a request is created in the server, before any of the
server-specific hooks gets called.  It's purpose it to allow a library
to initialize per-request context. The second is called after all
server-defined hooks have been processed, and is to allow a library to
tidy up.

As an example, the pkt4_send example above required that the code
check for an exception being thrown when accessing the "hwaddr" context
item in case it was not set.  An alternative strategy would have been to
provide a callout for the "context_create" hook and set the context item
"hwaddr" to an empty string. Instead of needing to handle an exception,
pkt4_send would be guaranteed to get something when looking for
the hwaddr item and so could write or not write the output depending on
the value.

In most cases, "context_destroy" is not needed as the Hooks system
automatically deletes context. An example where it could be required
is where memory has been allocated by a callout during the processing
of a request and a raw pointer to it stored in the context object. On
destruction of the context, that memory will not be automatically
released. Freeing in the memory in the "context_destroy callout will solve
that problem.

Actually, when the context is destroyed, the destructor
associated with any objects stored in it are run. Rather than point to
allocated memory with a raw pointer, a better idea would be to point to
it with a boost "smart" pointer and store that pointer in the context.
When the context is destroyed, the smart pointer's destructor is run,
which will automatically delete the pointed-to object.

These approaches are illustrated in the following examples.
Here it is assumed that the hooks library is performing some form of
security checking on the packet and needs to maintain information in
a user-specified "SecurityInformation" object. (The details of this
fictitious object are of no concern here.) The object is created in
the context_create callout and used in both the pkt4_receive and the
pkt4_send callouts.

@code
// Storing information in a "raw" pointer.  Assume that the

#include <hooks/hooks.h>
   :

extern "C" {

// context_create callout - called when the request is created.
int context_create(CalloutHandle& handle) {
    // Create the security information and store it in the context
    // for this packet.
    SecurityInformation* si = new SecurityInformation();
    handle.setContext("security_information", si);
}

// Callouts that use the context
int pkt4_receive(CalloutHandle& handle) {
    // Retrieve the pointer to the SecurityInformation object
    SecurityInformation si;
    handle.getContext("security_information", si);
        :
        :
    // Set the security information
    si->setSomething(...);

    // The pointed-to information has been updated but the pointer has not been
    // altered, so there is no need to call setContext() again.
}

int pkt4_send(CalloutHandle& handle) {
    // Retrieve the pointer to the SecurityInformation object
    SecurityInformation si;
    handle.getContext("security_information", si);
        :
        :
    // Retrieve security information
    bool active = si->getSomething(...);
        :
}

// Context destruction.  We need to delete the pointed-to SecurityInformation
// object because we will lose the pointer to it when the CalloutHandle is
// destroyed.
int context_destroy(CalloutHandle& handle) {
    // Retrieve the pointer to the SecurityInformation object
    SecurityInformation si;
    handle.getContext("security_information", si);

    // Delete the pointed-to memory.
    delete si;
}
@endcode

The requirement for the context_destroy callout can be eliminated if
a Boost shared ptr is used to point to the allocated memory:

@code
// Storing information in a "raw" pointer.  Assume that the

#include <hooks/hooks.h>
#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
   :

extern "C" {

// context_create callout - called when the request is created.

int context_create(CalloutHandle& handle) {
    // Create the security information and store it in the context for this
    // packet.
    boost::shared_ptr<SecurityInformation> si(new SecurityInformation());
    handle.setContext("security_information", si);
}

// Other than the data type, a shared pointer has similar semantics to a "raw"
// pointer.  Only the code from pkt4_receive is shown here.

int pkt4_receive(CalloutHandle& handle) {
    // Retrieve the pointer to the SecurityInformation object
    boost::shared_ptr<SecurityInformation> si;
    handle.setContext("security_information", si);
        :
        :
    // Modify the security information
    si->setSomething(...);

    // The pointed-to information has been updated but the pointer has not
    // altered, so theree is no need to reset the context.
}

// No context_destroy callout is needed to delete the allocated
// SecurityInformation object.  When the CalloutHandle is destroyed, the shared
// pointer object will be destroyed.  If that is the last shared pointer to the
// allocated memory, then it too will be deleted.
@endcode

(Note that a Boost shared pointer - rather than any other Boost smart pointer -
should be used, as the pointer objects are copied within the hooks framework and
only shared pointers have the correct behavior for the copy operation.)


@subsection hooksdgCalloutRegistration Registering Callouts

As briefly mentioned in @ref hooksdgExampleCallouts, the standard is for
callouts in the user library to have the same name as the name of the
hook to which they are being attached.  This convention was followed
in the tutorial, e.g.  the callout that needed to be attached to the
"pkt4_receive" hook was named pkt4_receive.

The reason for this convention is that when the library is loaded, the
hook framework automatically searches the library for functions with
the same names as the server hooks.  When it finds one, it attaches it
to the appropriate hook point.  This simplifies the loading process and
bookkeeping required to create a library of callouts.

However, the hooks system is flexible in this area: callouts can have
non-standard names, and multiple callouts can be registered on a hook.

@subsubsection hooksdgLibraryHandle The LibraryHandle Object

The way into the part of the hooks framework that allows callout
registration is through the LibraryHandle object.  This was briefly
introduced in the discussion of the framework functions, in that
an object of this type is pass to the "load" function.  A LibraryHandle
can also be obtained from within a callout by calling the CalloutHandle's
getLibraryHandle() method.

The LibraryHandle provides three methods to manipulate callouts:

- registerCallout - register a callout on a hook.
- deregisterCallout - deregister a callout from a hook.
- deregisterAllCallouts - deregister all callouts on a hook.

The following sections cover some of the ways in which these can be used.

@subsubsection hooksdgNonstandardCalloutNames Non-Standard Callout Names

The example in the tutorial used standard names for the callouts.  As noted
above, it is possible to use non-standard names.  Suppose, instead of the
callout names "pkt4_receive" and "pkt4_send", we had named our callouts
"classify" and "write_data".  The hooks framework would not have registered
these callouts, so we would have needed to do it ourself.  The place to
do this is the "load" framework function, and its code would have had to
been modified to:

@code
int load(LibraryHandle& libhandle) {
    // Register the callouts on the hooks. We assume that a header file
    // declares the "classify" and "write_data" functions.
    libhandle.registerCallout("pkt4_receive", classify);
    libhandle.registerCallout("pkt4_send", write_data);

    // Open the log file
    interesting.open("/data/clients/interesting.log",
                     std::fstream::out | std::fstream::app);
    return (interesting ? 0 : 1);
}
@endcode

It is possible for a library to contain callouts with both standard and
non-standard names: ones with standard names will be registered automatically,
ones with non-standard names need to be registered manually.

@subsubsection hooksdgMultipleCallouts Multiple Callouts on a Hook

The BIND 10 hooks framework allows multiple callouts to be attached to 
a hook point.  Although it is likely to be rare for user code to need to
do this, there may be instances where it make sense.

To register multiple callouts on a hook, just call
LibraryHandle::registerCallout multiple times on the same hook, e.g.

@code
    libhandle.registerCallout("pkt4_receive", classify);
    libhandle.registerCallout("pkt4_receive", write_data);
@endcode

The hooks framework will call the callouts in the order they are
registered.  The same CalloutHandle is passed between them, so any
change made to the CalloutHandle's arguments, "skip" flag, or per-request
context by the first is visible to the second.

@subsubsection hooksdgDynamicRegistration Dynamic Registration and Reregistration of Callouts

The previous sections have dealt with callouts being registered during
the call to "load".  The hooks framework is more flexible than that
in that callouts can be registered and deregistered within a callout.
In fact, a callout is able to register or deregister itself, and a callout
is able to be registered on a hook multiple times.

Using our contrived example again, the DHCPv4 server processes one request
to completion before it starts processing the next.  With this knowledge,
we could alter the logic of the code so that the callout attached to the
"pkt4_receive" hook registers the callout doing the logging when it detects
an interesting packet, and the callout doing the logging deregisters
itself in its execution.  The relevant modifications to the code in
the tutorial are shown below:

@code
// pkt4_receive.cc
//      :

int pkt4_receive(CalloutHandle& handle) {

            :
            :

    // Classify it.
    if (sum % 4 == 0) {
        // Store the text form of the hardware address in the context to pass
        // to the next callout.
        handle.setContext("hwaddr", hwaddr_ptr->hwaddr_.toText());

        // Register the callback to log the data.
        handle.getLibraryHandle().registerCallout("pkt4_send", write_data);
    }

    return (0);
};
@endcode

@code
// pkt4_send.cc
        :

int write_data(CalloutHandle& handle) {

    // Obtain the hardware address of the "interesting" client. As the
    // callback is only registered when interesting data is present, we
    // know that the context contains the hardware address so an exception
    // will not be thrown when we call getArgument().
    string hwaddr;
    handle.getArgument("hwaddr", hwaddr);

    // The pointer to the reply.
    ConstPkt4Ptr reply;
    handle.getArgument("reply", reply);

    // Get the string form of the IP address.
    string ipaddr = reply->getYiaddr().toText():

    // Write the information to the log file and flush.
    interesting << hwaddr << " " << ipaddr << "\n";
    flush(interesting);

    // We've logged the data, so deregister ourself.  This callout will not
    // be called again until it is registered by pkt4_receive.

    handle.getLibraryHandle().deregisterCallout("pkt4_send", write_data);

    return (0);
}
@endcode

Note that the above example used a non-standard name for the callout
that wrote the data.  Had the name been a standard one, it would have been
registered when the library was loaded and called for the first request,
regardless of whether that was defined as "interesting".  (Although as
callouts with standard names are always registered before "load" gets called,
we could have got round that problem by deregistering that particular
callout in the "load" function.)


@note Deregistration of a callout on the hook that is currently
being called only takes effect when the server next calls the hook.
To illustrate this, suppose the callouts attached to a hook are A, B and C
(in that order), and during execution, A deregisters B and C and adds D.
When callout A returns, B and C will still run.  The next time the server
calls the hook's callouts, A and D will run (in that order).

@subsection hooksdgMultipleLibraries Multiple User Libraries

As alluded to in the section @ref hooksdgConfiguration, BIND 10 can load
multiple libraries.  The libraries are loaded in the order specified in
the configuration, and the callouts attached to the hooks in the order
presented by the libraries.

The following picture illustrates this, and also illustrates the scope of
data passed around the system.

@image html DataScopeArgument.png "Scope of Arguments"

In this illustration, a server has three hook points, alpha, beta
and gamma.  Two libraries are configured, library 1 and library 2.
Library 1 registers the callout "authorize" for hook alpha, "check" for
hook beta and "add_option" for hook gamma.  Library 2 registers "logpkt",
"validate" and "putopt"

The horizontal red lines represent arguments to callouts.  When the server
calls hook alpha, it creates an argument list and calls the
first callout for the hook, "authorize".  When that callout returns, the
same (but possibly modified) argument list is passed to the next callout
in the chain, "logpkt".  Another, separate argument list is created for
hook beta and passed to the callouts "check" and "validate" in
that order.  A similar sequence occurs for hook gamma.

The next picture shows the scope of the context associated with a
request.

@image html DataScopeContext.png "Illustration of per-library context"

The vertical blue lines represent callout context. Context is
per-packet but also per-library.  When the server calls "authorize",
the CalloutHandle's getContext and setContext methods access a context
created purely for library 1. The next callout on the hook will access
context created for library 2. These contexts are passed to the callouts
associated with the next hook.  So when "check" is called, it gets the
context data that was set by "authorize", when "validate" is called,
it gets the context data set by "logpkt".

It is stressed that the context for callouts associated with different
libraries is entirely separate.  For example, suppose "authorize" sets
the CalloutHandle's context item "foo" to 2 and "logpkt" sets an item of
the same name to the string "bar".  When "check" accesses the context
item "foo", it gets a value of 2; when "validate" accesses an item of
the same name, it gets the value "bar".

It is also stressed that all this context exists only for the life of the
request being processed.  When that request is complete, all the
context associated with that request - for all libraries - is destroyed,
and new context created for the next request.

This structure means that library authors can use per-request context
without worrying about the presence of other libraries.  Other libraries
may be present, but will not affect the context values set by a library's
callouts.

@subsection hooksdgInterLibraryData Passing Data Between Libraries

In rare cases, it is possible that one library may want to pass
data to another.  This can be done in a limited way by means of the
CalloutHandle's setArgument and getArgument calls.  For example, in the
above diagram, the callout "add_option" can pass a value to "putopt"
by setting a name.value pair in the hook's argument list.  "putopt"
would be able to read this, but would not be able to return information
back to "add_option".

All argument names used by BIND 10 will be a combination of letters
(both upper- and lower-case), digits, hyphens and underscores: no
other characters will be used.  As argument names are simple strings,
it is suggested that if such a mechanism be used, the names of the data
values passed between the libraries include a special character such as
the dollar symbol or percent sign.  In this way there is no danger that
a name will conflict with any existing or future BIND 10 argument names.


@subsection hooksdgRegisterMultipleLibraries Dynamic Callout Registration and Multiple Libraries

On a particular hook, callouts are called in the order the libraries appear
in the configuration and, within a library, in the order the callouts
are registered.

This order applies to dynamically-registered callouts as well.  As an
example, consider the diagram above where for hook "beta", callout "check"
is followed by callout "validate".  Suppose that when "authorize" is run,
it registers a new callout ("double_check") on hook "beta".  That
callout will be inserted at the end of the callouts registered by
library 1 and before any registered by library 2.  It would therefore
appear between "check" and "validate".  On the other hand, if it were
"logpkt" that registered the new callout, "double_check" would appear
after "validate".

@subsection hooksdgStaticallyLinkedBind10 Running Against a Statically-Linked BIND 10

If BIND 10 is built with the --enable-static-link switch (set when
running the "configure" script), no shared BIND 10 libraries are built;
instead, archive libraries are created and BIND 10 is linked to them.
If you create a hooks library also linked against these archive libraries,
when the library is loaded you end up with two copies of the library code,
one in BIND 10 and one in your library.

To run successfully, your library needs to perform run-time initialization
of the BIND 10 code in your library (something performed by BIND 10
in the case of shared libraries).  To do this, call the function
isc::hooks::hooksStaticLinkInit() as the first statement of the load()
function. (If your library does not include a load() function, you need
to add one.) For example:

@code
#include <hooks/hooks.h>

extern "C" {

int version() {
    return (BIND10_HOOKS_VERSION);
}

int load() {
    isc::hooks::hooksStaticLinkInit();
        :
}

// Other callout functions
        :

}
@endcode
*/