Merge tag 'driver-core-4.11-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core

Pull driver core updates from Greg KH:
 "Here is the "small" driver core patches for 4.11-rc1.

  Not much here, some firmware documentation and self-test updates, a
  debugfs code formatting issue, and a new feature for call_usermodehelper
  to make it more robust on systems that want to lock it down in a more
  secure way.

  All of these have been linux-next for a while now with no reported
  issues"

* tag 'driver-core-4.11-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core:
  kernfs: handle null pointers while printing node name and path
  Introduce STATIC_USERMODEHELPER to mediate call_usermodehelper()
  Make static usermode helper binaries constant
  kmod: make usermodehelper path a const string
  firmware: revamp firmware documentation
  selftests: firmware: send expected errors to /dev/null
  selftests: firmware: only modprobe if driver is missing
  platform: Print the resource range if device failed to claim
  kref: prefer atomic_inc_not_zero to atomic_add_unless
  debugfs: improve formatting of debugfs_real_fops()

27 files changed, 593 insertions, 173 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/built-in-fw.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/built-in-fw.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7300e66857f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/built-in-fw.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+=================
+Built-in firmware
+=================
+
+Firmware can be built-in to the kernel, this means building the firmware
+into vmlinux directly, to enable avoiding having to look for firmware from
+the filesystem. Instead, firmware can be looked for inside the kernel
+directly. You can enable built-in firmware using the kernel configuration
+options:
+
+  * CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE
+  * CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR
+
+This should not be confused with CONFIG_FIRMWARE_IN_KERNEL, this is for drivers
+which enables firmware to be built as part of the kernel build process. This
+option, CONFIG_FIRMWARE_IN_KERNEL, will build all firmware for all drivers
+enabled which ship its firmware inside the Linux kernel source tree.
+
+There are a few reasons why you might want to consider building your firmware
+into the kernel with CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE though:
+
+* Speed
+* Firmware is needed for accessing the boot device, and the user doesn't
+  want to stuff the firmware into the boot initramfs.
+
+Even if you have these needs there are a few reasons why you may not be
+able to make use of built-in firmware:
+
+* Legalese - firmware is non-GPL compatible
+* Some firmware may be optional
+* Firmware upgrades are possible, therefore a new firmware would implicate
+  a complete kernel rebuild.
+* Some firmware files may be really large in size. The remote-proc subsystem
+  is an example subsystem which deals with these sorts of firmware
+* The firmware may need to be scraped out from some device specific location
+  dynamically, an example is calibration data for for some WiFi chipsets. This
+  calibration data can be unique per sold device.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/core.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/core.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1d1688cbc078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/core.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+==========================
+Firmware API core features
+==========================
+
+The firmware API has a rich set of core features available. This section
+documents these features.
+
+.. toctree::
+
+   fw_search_path
+   built-in-fw
+   firmware_cache
+   direct-fs-lookup
+   fallback-mechanisms
+   lookup-order
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/direct-fs-lookup.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/direct-fs-lookup.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..82b4d585a213
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/direct-fs-lookup.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+========================
+Direct filesystem lookup
+========================
+
+Direct filesystem lookup is the most common form of firmware lookup performed
+by the kernel. The kernel looks for the firmware directly on the root
+filesystem in the paths documented in the section 'Firmware search paths'.
+The filesystem lookup is implemented in fw_get_filesystem_firmware(), it
+uses common core kernel file loader facility kernel_read_file_from_path().
+The max path allowed is PATH_MAX -- currently this is 4096 characters.
+
+It is recommended you keep /lib/firmware paths on your root filesystem,
+avoid having a separate partition for them in order to avoid possible
+races with lookups and avoid uses of the custom fallback mechanisms
+documented below.
+
+Firmware and initramfs
+----------------------
+
+Drivers which are built-in to the kernel should have the firmware integrated
+also as part of the initramfs used to boot the kernel given that otherwise
+a race is possible with loading the driver and the real rootfs not yet being
+available. Stuffing the firmware into initramfs resolves this race issue,
+however note that using initrd does not suffice to address the same race.
+
+There are circumstances that justify not wanting to include firmware into
+initramfs, such as dealing with large firmware firmware files for the
+remote-proc subsystem. For such cases using a userspace fallback mechanism
+is currently the only viable solution as only userspace can know for sure
+when the real rootfs is ready and mounted.
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/fallback-mechanisms.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/fallback-mechanisms.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d19354794e67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/fallback-mechanisms.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+===================
+Fallback mechanisms
+===================
+
+A fallback mechanism is supported to allow to overcome failures to do a direct
+filesystem lookup on the root filesystem or when the firmware simply cannot be
+installed for practical reasons on the root filesystem. The kernel
+configuration options related to supporting the firmware fallback mechanism are:
+
+  * CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER: enables building the firmware fallback
+    mechanism. Most distributions enable this option today. If enabled but
+    CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER_FALLBACK is disabled, only the custom fallback
+    mechanism is available and for the request_firmware_nowait() call.
+  * CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER_FALLBACK: force enables each request to
+    enable the kobject uevent fallback mechanism on all firmware API calls
+    except request_firmware_direct(). Most distributions disable this option
+    today. The call request_firmware_nowait() allows for one alternative
+    fallback mechanism: if this kconfig option is enabled and your second
+    argument to request_firmware_nowait(), uevent, is set to false you are
+    informing the kernel that you have a custom fallback mechanism and it will
+    manually load the firmware. Read below for more details.
+
+Note that this means when having this configuration:
+
+CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER=y
+CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER_FALLBACK=n
+
+the kobject uevent fallback mechanism will never take effect even
+for request_firmware_nowait() when uevent is set to true.
+
+Justifying the firmware fallback mechanism
+==========================================
+
+Direct filesystem lookups may fail for a variety of reasons. Known reasons for
+this are worth itemizing and documenting as it justifies the need for the
+fallback mechanism:
+
+* Race against access with the root filesystem upon bootup.
+
+* Races upon resume from suspend. This is resolved by the firmware cache, but
+  the firmware cache is only supported if you use uevents, and its not
+  supported for request_firmware_into_buf().
+
+* Firmware is not accessible through typical means:
+        * It cannot be installed into the root filesystem
+        * The firmware provides very unique device specific data tailored for
+          the unit gathered with local information. An example is calibration
+          data for WiFi chipsets for mobile devices. This calibration data is
+          not common to all units, but tailored per unit.  Such information may
+          be installed on a separate flash partition other than where the root
+          filesystem is provided.
+
+Types of fallback mechanisms
+============================
+
+There are really two fallback mechanisms available using one shared sysfs
+interface as a loading facility:
+
+* Kobject uevent fallback mechanism
+* Custom fallback mechanism
+
+First lets document the shared sysfs loading facility.
+
+Firmware sysfs loading facility
+===============================
+
+In order to help device drivers upload firmware using a fallback mechanism
+the firmware infrastructure creates a sysfs interface to enable userspace
+to load and indicate when firmware is ready. The sysfs directory is created
+via fw_create_instance(). This call creates a new struct device named after
+the firmware requested, and establishes it in the device hierarchy by
+associating the device used to make the request as the device's parent.
+The sysfs directory's file attributes are defined and controlled through
+the new device's class (firmare_class) and group (fw_dev_attr_groups).
+This is actually where the original firmware_class.c file name comes from,
+as originally the only firmware loading mechanism available was the
+mechanism we now use as a fallback mechanism.
+
+To load firmware using the sysfs interface we expose a loading indicator,
+and a file upload firmware into:
+
+  * /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
+  * /sys/$DEVPATH/data
+
+To upload firmware you will echo 1 onto the loading file to indicate
+you are loading firmware. You then cat the firmware into the data file,
+and you notify the kernel the firmware is ready by echo'ing 0 onto
+the loading file.
+
+The firmware device used to help load firmware using sysfs is only created if
+direct firmware loading fails and if the fallback mechanism is enabled for your
+firmware request, this is set up with fw_load_from_user_helper().  It is
+important to re-iterate that no device is created if a direct filesystem lookup
+succeeded.
+
+Using::
+
+        echo 1 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
+
+Will clean any previous partial load at once and make the firmware API
+return an error. When loading firmware the firmware_class grows a buffer
+for the firmware in PAGE_SIZE increments to hold the image as it comes in.
+
+firmware_data_read() and firmware_loading_show() are just provided for the
+test_firmware driver for testing, they are not called in normal use or
+expected to be used regularly by userspace.
+
+Firmware kobject uevent fallback mechanism
+==========================================
+
+Since a device is created for the sysfs interface to help load firmware as a
+fallback mechanism userspace can be informed of the addition of the device by
+relying on kobject uevents. The addition of the device into the device
+hierarchy means the fallback mechanism for firmware loading has been initiated.
+For details of implementation refer to _request_firmware_load(), in particular
+on the use of dev_set_uevent_suppress() and kobject_uevent().
+
+The kernel's kobject uevent mechanism is implemented in lib/kobject_uevent.c,
+it issues uevents to userspace. As a supplement to kobject uevents Linux
+distributions could also enable CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH, which makes use of
+core kernel's usermode helper (UMH) functionality to call out to a userspace
+helper for kobject uevents. In practice though no standard distribution has
+ever used the CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH. If CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH is
+enabled this binary would be called each time kobject_uevent_env() gets called
+in the kernel for each kobject uevent triggered.
+
+Different implementations have been supported in userspace to take advantage of
+this fallback mechanism. When firmware loading was only possible using the
+sysfs mechanism the userspace component "hotplug" provided the functionality of
+monitoring for kobject events. Historically this was superseded be systemd's
+udev, however firmware loading support was removed from udev as of systemd
+commit be2ea723b1d0 ("udev: remove userspace firmware loading support")
+as of v217 on August, 2014. This means most Linux distributions today are
+not using or taking advantage of the firmware fallback mechanism provided
+by kobject uevents. This is specially exacerbated due to the fact that most
+distributions today disable CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER_FALLBACK.
+
+Refer to do_firmware_uevent() for details of the kobject event variables
+setup. Variables passwdd with a kobject add event:
+
+* FIRMWARE=firmware name
+* TIMEOUT=timeout value
+* ASYNC=whether or not the API request was asynchronous
+
+By default DEVPATH is set by the internal kernel kobject infrastructure.
+Below is an example simple kobject uevent script::
+
+        # Both $DEVPATH and $FIRMWARE are already provided in the environment.
+        MY_FW_DIR=/lib/firmware/
+        echo 1 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
+        cat $MY_FW_DIR/$FIRMWARE > /sys/$DEVPATH/data
+        echo 0 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
+
+Firmware custom fallback mechanism
+==================================
+
+Users of the request_firmware_nowait() call have yet another option available
+at their disposal: rely on the sysfs fallback mechanism but request that no
+kobject uevents be issued to userspace. The original logic behind this
+was that utilities other than udev might be required to lookup firmware
+in non-traditional paths -- paths outside of the listing documented in the
+section 'Direct filesystem lookup'. This option is not available to any of
+the other API calls as uevents are always forced for them.
+
+Since uevents are only meaningful if the fallback mechanism is enabled
+in your kernel it would seem odd to enable uevents with kernels that do not
+have the fallback mechanism enabled in their kernels. Unfortunately we also
+rely on the uevent flag which can be disabled by request_firmware_nowait() to
+also setup the firmware cache for firmware requests. As documented above,
+the firmware cache is only set up if uevent is enabled for an API call.
+Although this can disable the firmware cache for request_firmware_nowait()
+calls, users of this API should not use it for the purposes of disabling
+the cache as that was not the original purpose of the flag. Not setting
+the uevent flag means you want to opt-in for the firmware fallback mechanism
+but you want to suppress kobject uevents, as you have a custom solution which
+will monitor for your device addition into the device hierarchy somehow and
+load firmware for you through a custom path.
+
+Firmware fallback timeout
+=========================
+
+The firmware fallback mechanism has a timeout. If firmware is not loaded
+onto the sysfs interface by the timeout value an error is sent to the
+driver. By default the timeout is set to 60 seconds if uevents are
+desirable, otherwise MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET is used (max timeout possible).
+The logic behind using MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET for non-uevents is that a custom
+solution will have as much time as it needs to load firmware.
+
+You can customize the firmware timeout by echo'ing your desired timeout into
+the following file:
+
+* /sys/class/firmware/timeout
+
+If you echo 0 into it means MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET will be used. The data type
+for the timeout is an int.
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/firmware_cache.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/firmware_cache.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2210e5bfb332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/firmware_cache.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+==============
+Firmware cache
+==============
+
+When Linux resumes from suspend some device drivers require firmware lookups to
+re-initialize devices. During resume there may be a period of time during which
+firmware lookups are not possible, during this short period of time firmware
+requests will fail. Time is of essence though, and delaying drivers to wait for
+the root filesystem for firmware delays user experience with device
+functionality. In order to support these requirements the firmware
+infrastructure implements a firmware cache for device drivers for most API
+calls, automatically behind the scenes.
+
+The firmware cache makes using certain firmware API calls safe during a device
+driver's suspend and resume callback.  Users of these API calls needn't cache
+the firmware by themselves for dealing with firmware loss during system resume.
+
+The firmware cache works by requesting for firmware prior to suspend and
+caching it in memory. Upon resume device drivers using the firmware API will
+have access to the firmware immediately, without having to wait for the root
+filesystem to mount or dealing with possible race issues with lookups as the
+root filesystem mounts.
+
+Some implementation details about the firmware cache setup:
+
+* The firmware cache is setup by adding a devres entry for each device that
+  uses all synchronous call except :c:func:`request_firmware_into_buf`.
+
+* If an asynchronous call is used the firmware cache is only set up for a
+  device if if the second argument (uevent) to request_firmware_nowait() is
+  true. When uevent is true it requests that a kobject uevent be sent to
+  userspace for the firmware request. For details refer to the Fackback
+  mechanism documented below.
+
+* If the firmware cache is determined to be needed as per the above two
+  criteria the firmware cache is setup by adding a devres entry for the
+  device making the firmware request.
+
+* The firmware devres entry is maintained throughout the lifetime of the
+  device. This means that even if you release_firmware() the firmware cache
+  will still be used on resume from suspend.
+
+* The timeout for the fallback mechanism is temporarily reduced to 10 seconds
+  as the firmware cache is set up during suspend, the timeout is set back to
+  the old value you had configured after the cache is set up.
+
+* Upon suspend any pending non-uevent firmware requests are killed to avoid
+  stalling the kernel, this is done with kill_requests_without_uevent(). Kernel
+  calls requiring the non-uevent therefore need to implement their own firmware
+  cache mechanism but must not use the firmware API on suspend.
+
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/fw_search_path.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/fw_search_path.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a360f1009fa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/fw_search_path.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+=====================
+Firmware search paths
+=====================
+
+The following search paths are used to look for firmware on your
+root filesystem.
+
+* fw_path_para - module parameter - default is empty so this is ignored
+* /lib/firmware/updates/UTS_RELEASE/
+* /lib/firmware/updates/
+* /lib/firmware/UTS_RELEASE/
+* /lib/firmware/
+
+The module parameter ''path'' can be passed to the firmware_class module
+to activate the first optional custom fw_path_para. The custom path can
+only be up to 256 characters long. The kernel parameter passed would be:
+
+* 'firmware_class.path=$CUSTOMIZED_PATH'
+
+There is an alternative to customize the path at run time after bootup, you
+can use the file:
+
+* /sys/module/firmware_class/parameters/path
+
+You would echo into it your custom path and firmware requested will be
+searched for there first.
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1abe01793031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+==================
+Linux Firmware API
+==================
+
+.. toctree::
+
+   introduction
+   core
+   request_firmware
+
+.. only::  subproject and html
+
+   Indices
+   =======
+
+   * :ref:`genindex`
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/introduction.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/introduction.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..211cb44eb972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/introduction.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+============
+Introduction
+============
+
+The firmware API enables kernel code to request files required
+for functionality from userspace, the uses vary:
+
+* Microcode for CPU errata
+* Device driver firmware, required to be loaded onto device
+  microcontrollers
+* Device driver information data (calibration data, EEPROM overrides),
+  some of which can be completely optional.
+
+Types of firmware requests
+==========================
+
+There are two types of calls:
+
+* Synchronous
+* Asynchronous
+
+Which one you use vary depending on your requirements, the rule of thumb
+however is you should strive to use the asynchronous APIs unless you also
+are already using asynchronous initialization mechanisms which will not
+stall or delay boot. Even if loading firmware does not take a lot of time
+processing firmware might, and this can still delay boot or initialization,
+as such mechanisms such as asynchronous probe can help supplement drivers.
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/lookup-order.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/lookup-order.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..88c81739683c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/lookup-order.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+=====================
+Firmware lookup order
+=====================
+
+Different functionality is available to enable firmware to be found.
+Below is chronological order of how firmware will be looked for once
+a driver issues a firmware API call.
+
+* The ''Built-in firmware'' is checked first, if the firmware is present we
+  return it immediately
+* The ''Firmware cache'' is looked at next. If the firmware is found we
+  return it immediately
+* The ''Direct filesystem lookup'' is performed next, if found we
+  return it immediately
+* If no firmware has been found and the fallback mechanism was enabled
+  the sysfs interface is created. After this either a kobject uevent
+  is issued or the custom firmware loading is relied upon for firmware
+  loading up to the timeout value.
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/request_firmware.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/request_firmware.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cc0aea880824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/firmware/request_firmware.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+====================
+request_firmware API
+====================
+
+You would typically load firmware and then load it into your device somehow.
+The typical firmware work flow is reflected below::
+
+	 if(request_firmware(&fw_entry, $FIRMWARE, device) == 0)
+                copy_fw_to_device(fw_entry->data, fw_entry->size);
+	 release_firmware(fw_entry);
+
+Synchronous firmware requests
+=============================
+
+Synchronous firmware requests will wait until the firmware is found or until
+an error is returned.
+
+request_firmware
+----------------
+.. kernel-doc:: drivers/base/firmware_class.c
+   :functions: request_firmware
+
+request_firmware_direct
+-----------------------
+.. kernel-doc:: drivers/base/firmware_class.c
+   :functions: request_firmware_direct
+
+request_firmware_into_buf
+-------------------------
+.. kernel-doc:: drivers/base/firmware_class.c
+   :functions: request_firmware_into_buf
+
+Asynchronous firmware requests
+==============================
+
+Asynchronous firmware requests allow driver code to not have to wait
+until the firmware or an error is returned. Function callbacks are
+provided so that when the firmware or an error is found the driver is
+informed through the callback. request_firmware_nowait() cannot be called
+in atomic contexts.
+
+request_firmware_nowait
+-----------------------
+.. kernel-doc:: drivers/base/firmware_class.c
+   :functions: request_firmware_nowait
+
+request firmware API expected driver use
+========================================
+
+Once an API call returns you process the firmware and then release the
+firmware. For example if you used request_firmware() and it returns,
+the driver has the firmware image accessible in fw_entry->{data,size}.
+If something went wrong request_firmware() returns non-zero and fw_entry
+is set to NULL. Once your driver is done with processing the firmware it
+can call call release_firmware(fw_entry) to release the firmware image
+and any related resource.
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst
index c5a1cd0a4ae7..dbd34c9c1d93 100644
--- a/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/index.rst
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ available subsections can be seen below.
    vme
    80211/index
    uio-howto
+   firmware/index
 
 .. only::  subproject and html
 
diff --git a/Documentation/firmware_class/README b/Documentation/firmware_class/README
deleted file mode 100644
index cafdca8b3b15..000000000000
--- a/Documentation/firmware_class/README
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
-
- request_firmware() hotplug interface:
- ------------------------------------
-	Copyright (C) 2003 Manuel Estrada Sainz
-
- Why:
- ---
-
- Today, the most extended way to use firmware in the Linux kernel is linking
- it statically in a header file. Which has political and technical issues:
-
-  1) Some firmware is not legal to redistribute.
-  2) The firmware occupies memory permanently, even though it often is just
-     used once.
-  3) Some people, like the Debian crowd, don't consider some firmware free
-     enough and remove entire drivers (e.g.: keyspan).
-
- High level behavior (mixed):
- ============================
-
- 1), kernel(driver):
-	- calls request_firmware(&fw_entry, $FIRMWARE, device)
-	- kernel searches the firmware image with name $FIRMWARE directly
-	in the below search path of root filesystem:
-		User customized search path by module parameter 'path'[1]
-		"/lib/firmware/updates/" UTS_RELEASE,
-		"/lib/firmware/updates",
-		"/lib/firmware/" UTS_RELEASE,
-		"/lib/firmware"
-	- If found, goto 7), else goto 2)
-
-	[1], the 'path' is a string parameter which length should be less
-	than 256, user should pass 'firmware_class.path=$CUSTOMIZED_PATH'
-	if firmware_class is built in kernel(the general situation)
-
- 2), userspace:
- 	- /sys/class/firmware/xxx/{loading,data} appear.
-	- hotplug gets called with a firmware identifier in $FIRMWARE
-	  and the usual hotplug environment.
-		- hotplug: echo 1 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading
-
- 3), kernel: Discard any previous partial load.
-
- 4), userspace:
-		- hotplug: cat appropriate_firmware_image > \
-					/sys/class/firmware/xxx/data
-
- 5), kernel: grows a buffer in PAGE_SIZE increments to hold the image as it
-	 comes in.
-
- 6), userspace:
-		- hotplug: echo 0 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading
-
- 7), kernel: request_firmware() returns and the driver has the firmware
-	 image in fw_entry->{data,size}. If something went wrong
-	 request_firmware() returns non-zero and fw_entry is set to
-	 NULL.
-
- 8), kernel(driver): Driver code calls release_firmware(fw_entry) releasing
-		 the firmware image and any related resource.
-
- High level behavior (driver code):
- ==================================
-
-	 if(request_firmware(&fw_entry, $FIRMWARE, device) == 0)
-	 	copy_fw_to_device(fw_entry->data, fw_entry->size);
-	 release_firmware(fw_entry);
-
- Sample/simple hotplug script:
- ============================
-
-	# Both $DEVPATH and $FIRMWARE are already provided in the environment.
-
-	HOTPLUG_FW_DIR=/usr/lib/hotplug/firmware/
-
-	echo 1 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
-	cat $HOTPLUG_FW_DIR/$FIRMWARE > /sys/$DEVPATH/data
-	echo 0 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
-
- Random notes:
- ============
-
- - "echo -1 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading" will cancel the load at
-   once and make request_firmware() return with error.
-
- - firmware_data_read() and firmware_loading_show() are just provided
-   for testing and completeness, they are not called in normal use.
-
- - There is also /sys/class/firmware/timeout which holds a timeout in
-   seconds for the whole load operation.
-
- - request_firmware_nowait() is also provided for convenience in
-   user contexts to request firmware asynchronously, but can't be called
-   in atomic contexts.
-
-
- about in-kernel persistence:
- ---------------------------
- Under some circumstances, as explained below, it would be interesting to keep
- firmware images in non-swappable kernel memory or even in the kernel image
- (probably within initramfs).
-
- Note that this functionality has not been implemented.
-
- - Why OPTIONAL in-kernel persistence may be a good idea sometimes:
- 
-	- If the device that needs the firmware is needed to access the
-	  filesystem. When upon some error the device has to be reset and the
-	  firmware reloaded, it won't be possible to get it from userspace.
-	  e.g.:
-		- A diskless client with a network card that needs firmware.
-		- The filesystem is stored in a disk behind an scsi device
-		  that needs firmware.
-	- Replacing buggy DSDT/SSDT ACPI tables on boot.
-	  Note: this would require the persistent objects to be included
-	  within the kernel image, probably within initramfs.
-	  
-   And the same device can be needed to access the filesystem or not depending
-   on the setup, so I think that the choice on what firmware to make
-   persistent should be left to userspace.
-
- about firmware cache:
- --------------------
- After firmware cache mechanism is introduced during system sleep,
- request_firmware can be called safely inside device's suspend and
- resume callback, and callers needn't cache the firmware by
- themselves any more for dealing with firmware loss during system
- resume.
diff --git a/drivers/base/platform.c b/drivers/base/platform.c
index 647e4761dbf3..c2456839214a 100644
--- a/drivers/base/platform.c
+++ b/drivers/base/platform.c
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ int platform_device_add(struct platform_device *pdev)
 		}
 
 		if (p && insert_resource(p, r)) {
-			dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to claim resource %d\n", i);
+			dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to claim resource %d: %pR\n", i, r);
 			ret = -EBUSY;
 			goto failed;
 		}
diff --git a/drivers/macintosh/windfarm_core.c b/drivers/macintosh/windfarm_core.c
index 465d770ab0bb..5e013d781a74 100644
--- a/drivers/macintosh/windfarm_core.c
+++ b/drivers/macintosh/windfarm_core.c
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ static inline void wf_notify(int event, void *param)
 
 static int wf_critical_overtemp(void)
 {
-	static char * critical_overtemp_path = "/sbin/critical_overtemp";
-	char *argv[] = { critical_overtemp_path, NULL };
+	static char const critical_overtemp_path[] = "/sbin/critical_overtemp";
+	char *argv[] = { (char *)critical_overtemp_path, NULL };
 	static char *envp[] = { "HOME=/",
 				"TERM=linux",
 				"PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin",
diff --git a/drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_epp.c b/drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_epp.c
index 7d054697b199..594fa1407e29 100644
--- a/drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_epp.c
+++ b/drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_epp.c
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ static inline void baycom_int_freq(struct baycom_state *bc)
  *    eppconfig_path should be setable  via /proc/sys.
  */
 
-static char eppconfig_path[256] = "/usr/sbin/eppfpga";
+static char const eppconfig_path[] = "/usr/sbin/eppfpga";
 
 static char *envp[] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", "PATH=/usr/bin:/bin", NULL };
 
@@ -308,8 +308,12 @@ static int eppconfig(struct baycom_state *bc)
 {
 	char modearg[256];
 	char portarg[16];
-        char *argv[] = { eppconfig_path, "-s", "-p", portarg, "-m", modearg,
-			 NULL };
+        char *argv[] = {
+		(char *)eppconfig_path,
+		"-s",
+		"-p", portarg,
+		"-m", modearg,
+		NULL };
 
 	/* set up arguments */
 	sprintf(modearg, "%sclk,%smodem,fclk=%d,bps=%d,divider=%d%s,extstat",
diff --git a/drivers/pnp/pnpbios/core.c b/drivers/pnp/pnpbios/core.c
index c38a5b9733c8..0ced908e7aa8 100644
--- a/drivers/pnp/pnpbios/core.c
+++ b/drivers/pnp/pnpbios/core.c
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ static struct completion unload_sem;
  */
 static int pnp_dock_event(int dock, struct pnp_docking_station_info *info)
 {
+	static char const sbin_pnpbios[] = "/sbin/pnpbios";
 	char *argv[3], **envp, *buf, *scratch;
 	int i = 0, value;
 
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ static int pnp_dock_event(int dock, struct pnp_docking_station_info *info)
 	 * integrated into the driver core and use the usual infrastructure
 	 * like sysfs and uevents
 	 */
-	argv[0] = "/sbin/pnpbios";
+	argv[0] = (char *)sbin_pnpbios;
 	argv[1] = "dock";
 	argv[2] = NULL;
 
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ static int pnp_dock_event(int dock, struct pnp_docking_station_info *info)
 			   info->location_id, info->serial, info->capabilities);
 	envp[i] = NULL;
 
-	value = call_usermodehelper(argv [0], argv, envp, UMH_WAIT_EXEC);
+	value = call_usermodehelper(sbin_pnpbios, argv, envp, UMH_WAIT_EXEC);
 	kfree(buf);
 	kfree(envp);
 	return 0;
diff --git a/drivers/staging/greybus/svc_watchdog.c b/drivers/staging/greybus/svc_watchdog.c
index 3729460fb954..12cef5c06e27 100644
--- a/drivers/staging/greybus/svc_watchdog.c
+++ b/drivers/staging/greybus/svc_watchdog.c
@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ static int svc_watchdog_pm_notifier(struct notifier_block *notifier,
 
 static void greybus_reset(struct work_struct *work)
 {
-	static char start_path[256] = "/system/bin/start";
+	static char const start_path[] = "/system/bin/start";
 	static char *envp[] = {
 		"HOME=/",
 		"PATH=/sbin:/vendor/bin:/system/sbin:/system/bin:/system/xbin",
 		NULL,
 	};
 	static char *argv[] = {
-		start_path,
+		(char *)start_path,
 		"unipro_reset",
 		NULL,
 	};
diff --git a/drivers/staging/rtl8192e/rtl8192e/rtl_dm.c b/drivers/staging/rtl8192e/rtl8192e/rtl_dm.c
index 9bc284812c30..dbb58fb16482 100644
--- a/drivers/staging/rtl8192e/rtl8192e/rtl_dm.c
+++ b/drivers/staging/rtl8192e/rtl8192e/rtl_dm.c
@@ -268,8 +268,8 @@ void rtl92e_dm_watchdog(struct net_device *dev)
 static void _rtl92e_dm_check_ac_dc_power(struct net_device *dev)
 {
 	struct r8192_priv *priv = rtllib_priv(dev);
-	static char *ac_dc_script = "/etc/acpi/wireless-rtl-ac-dc-power.sh";
-	char *argv[] = {ac_dc_script, DRV_NAME, NULL};
+	static char const ac_dc_script[] = "/etc/acpi/wireless-rtl-ac-dc-power.sh";
+	char *argv[] = {(char *)ac_dc_script, DRV_NAME, NULL};
 	static char *envp[] = {"HOME=/",
 			"TERM=linux",
 			"PATH=/usr/bin:/bin",
@@ -1823,7 +1823,7 @@ static void _rtl92e_dm_check_rf_ctrl_gpio(void *data)
 	enum rt_rf_power_state eRfPowerStateToSet;
 	bool bActuallySet = false;
 	char *argv[3];
-	static char *RadioPowerPath = "/etc/acpi/events/RadioPower.sh";
+	static char const RadioPowerPath[] = "/etc/acpi/events/RadioPower.sh";
 	static char *envp[] = {"HOME=/", "TERM=linux", "PATH=/usr/bin:/bin",
 			       NULL};
 
@@ -1862,7 +1862,7 @@ static void _rtl92e_dm_check_rf_ctrl_gpio(void *data)
 		else
 			argv[1] = "RFON";
 
-		argv[0] = RadioPowerPath;
+		argv[0] = (char *)RadioPowerPath;
 		argv[2] = NULL;
 		call_usermodehelper(RadioPowerPath, argv, envp, UMH_WAIT_PROC);
 	}
diff --git a/fs/kernfs/dir.c b/fs/kernfs/dir.c
index cf4c636ff4da..439b946c4808 100644
--- a/fs/kernfs/dir.c
+++ b/fs/kernfs/dir.c
@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ static bool kernfs_lockdep(struct kernfs_node *kn)
 
 static int kernfs_name_locked(struct kernfs_node *kn, char *buf, size_t buflen)
 {
+	if (!kn)
+		return strlcpy(buf, "(null)", buflen);
+
 	return strlcpy(buf, kn->parent ? kn->name : "/", buflen);
 }
 
@@ -110,6 +113,8 @@ static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_common_ancestor(struct kernfs_node *a,
  * kn_to:   /n1/n2/n3         [depth=3]
  * result:  /../..
  *
+ * [3] when @kn_to is NULL result will be "(null)"
+ *
  * Returns the length of the full path.  If the full length is equal to or
  * greater than @buflen, @buf contains the truncated path with the trailing
  * '\0'.  On error, -errno is returned.
@@ -123,6 +128,9 @@ static int kernfs_path_from_node_locked(struct kernfs_node *kn_to,
 	size_t depth_from, depth_to, len = 0;
 	int i, j;
 
+	if (!kn_to)
+		return strlcpy(buf, "(null)", buflen);
+
 	if (!kn_from)
 		kn_from = kernfs_root(kn_to)->kn;
 
@@ -166,6 +174,8 @@ static int kernfs_path_from_node_locked(struct kernfs_node *kn_to,
  * similar to strlcpy().  It returns the length of @kn's name and if @buf
  * isn't long enough, it's filled upto @buflen-1 and nul terminated.
  *
+ * Fills buffer with "(null)" if @kn is NULL.
+ *
  * This function can be called from any context.
  */
 int kernfs_name(struct kernfs_node *kn, char *buf, size_t buflen)
diff --git a/fs/nfsd/nfs4layouts.c b/fs/nfsd/nfs4layouts.c
index 1fc07a9c70e9..e122da696f1b 100644
--- a/fs/nfsd/nfs4layouts.c
+++ b/fs/nfsd/nfs4layouts.c
@@ -614,6 +614,7 @@ nfsd4_cb_layout_fail(struct nfs4_layout_stateid *ls)
 {
 	struct nfs4_client *clp = ls->ls_stid.sc_client;
 	char addr_str[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+	static char const nfsd_recall_failed[] = "/sbin/nfsd-recall-failed";
 	static char *envp[] = {
 		"HOME=/",
 		"TERM=linux",
@@ -629,12 +630,13 @@ nfsd4_cb_layout_fail(struct nfs4_layout_stateid *ls)
 		"nfsd: client %s failed to respond to layout recall. "
 		"  Fencing..\n", addr_str);
 
-	argv[0] = "/sbin/nfsd-recall-failed";
+	argv[0] = (char *)nfsd_recall_failed;
 	argv[1] = addr_str;
 	argv[2] = ls->ls_file->f_path.mnt->mnt_sb->s_id;
 	argv[3] = NULL;
 
-	error = call_usermodehelper(argv[0], argv, envp, UMH_WAIT_PROC);
+	error = call_usermodehelper(nfsd_recall_failed, argv, envp,
+				    UMH_WAIT_PROC);
 	if (error) {
 		printk(KERN_ERR "nfsd: fence failed for client %s: %d!\n",
 			addr_str, error);
diff --git a/include/linux/debugfs.h b/include/linux/debugfs.h
index c0befcf41b58..9d571acd3a48 100644
--- a/include/linux/debugfs.h
+++ b/include/linux/debugfs.h
@@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ extern struct srcu_struct debugfs_srcu;
  * Must only be called under the protection established by
  * debugfs_use_file_start().
  */
-static inline const struct file_operations *
-debugfs_real_fops(const struct file *filp)
+static inline const struct file_operations *debugfs_real_fops(const struct file *filp)
 	__must_hold(&debugfs_srcu)
 {
 	/*
diff --git a/include/linux/kmod.h b/include/linux/kmod.h
index fcfd2bf14d3f..c4e441e00db5 100644
--- a/include/linux/kmod.h
+++ b/include/linux/kmod.h
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ struct file;
 struct subprocess_info {
 	struct work_struct work;
 	struct completion *complete;
-	char *path;
+	const char *path;
 	char **argv;
 	char **envp;
 	int wait;
@@ -67,10 +67,11 @@ struct subprocess_info {
 };
 
 extern int
-call_usermodehelper(char *path, char **argv, char **envp, int wait);
+call_usermodehelper(const char *path, char **argv, char **envp, int wait);
 
 extern struct subprocess_info *
-call_usermodehelper_setup(char *path, char **argv, char **envp, gfp_t gfp_mask,
+call_usermodehelper_setup(const char *path, char **argv, char **envp,
+			  gfp_t gfp_mask,
 			  int (*init)(struct subprocess_info *info, struct cred *new),
 			  void (*cleanup)(struct subprocess_info *), void *data);
 
diff --git a/include/trace/events/cgroup.h b/include/trace/events/cgroup.h
index ab68640a18d0..c226f50e88fa 100644
--- a/include/trace/events/cgroup.h
+++ b/include/trace/events/cgroup.h
@@ -61,19 +61,15 @@ DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(cgroup,
 		__field(	int,		id			)
 		__field(	int,		level			)
 		__dynamic_array(char,		path,
-				cgrp->kn ? cgroup_path(cgrp, NULL, 0) + 1
-					 : strlen("(null)"))
+				cgroup_path(cgrp, NULL, 0) + 1)
 	),
 
 	TP_fast_assign(
 		__entry->root = cgrp->root->hierarchy_id;
 		__entry->id = cgrp->id;
 		__entry->level = cgrp->level;
-		if (cgrp->kn)
-			cgroup_path(cgrp, __get_dynamic_array(path),
-				    __get_dynamic_array_len(path));
-		else
-			__assign_str(path, "(null)");
+		cgroup_path(cgrp, __get_dynamic_array(path),
+				  __get_dynamic_array_len(path));
 	),
 
 	TP_printk("root=%d id=%d level=%d path=%s",
@@ -119,8 +115,7 @@ DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(cgroup_migrate,
 		__field(	int,		dst_id			)
 		__field(	int,		dst_level		)
 		__dynamic_array(char,		dst_path,
-				dst_cgrp->kn ? cgroup_path(dst_cgrp, NULL, 0) + 1
-					     : strlen("(null)"))
+				cgroup_path(dst_cgrp, NULL, 0) + 1)
 		__field(	int,		pid			)
 		__string(	comm,		task->comm		)
 	),
@@ -129,11 +124,8 @@ DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(cgroup_migrate,
 		__entry->dst_root = dst_cgrp->root->hierarchy_id;
 		__entry->dst_id = dst_cgrp->id;
 		__entry->dst_level = dst_cgrp->level;
-		if (dst_cgrp->kn)
-			cgroup_path(dst_cgrp, __get_dynamic_array(dst_path),
-				    __get_dynamic_array_len(dst_path));
-		else
-			__assign_str(dst_path, "(null)");
+		cgroup_path(dst_cgrp, __get_dynamic_array(dst_path),
+				      __get_dynamic_array_len(dst_path));
 		__entry->pid = task->pid;
 		__assign_str(comm, task->comm);
 	),
diff --git a/kernel/kmod.c b/kernel/kmod.c
index d45c96073afb..0c407f905ca4 100644
--- a/kernel/kmod.c
+++ b/kernel/kmod.c
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ static void helper_unlock(void)
  * Function must be runnable in either a process context or the
  * context in which call_usermodehelper_exec is called.
  */
-struct subprocess_info *call_usermodehelper_setup(char *path, char **argv,
+struct subprocess_info *call_usermodehelper_setup(const char *path, char **argv,
 		char **envp, gfp_t gfp_mask,
 		int (*init)(struct subprocess_info *info, struct cred *new),
 		void (*cleanup)(struct subprocess_info *info),
@@ -528,7 +528,12 @@ struct subprocess_info *call_usermodehelper_setup(char *path, char **argv,
 		goto out;
 
 	INIT_WORK(&sub_info->work, call_usermodehelper_exec_work);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_STATIC_USERMODEHELPER
+	sub_info->path = CONFIG_STATIC_USERMODEHELPER_PATH;
+#else
 	sub_info->path = path;
+#endif
 	sub_info->argv = argv;
 	sub_info->envp = envp;
 
@@ -566,6 +571,15 @@ int call_usermodehelper_exec(struct subprocess_info *sub_info, int wait)
 		retval = -EBUSY;
 		goto out;
 	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If there is no binary for us to call, then just return and get out of
+	 * here.  This allows us to set STATIC_USERMODEHELPER_PATH to "" and
+	 * disable all call_usermodehelper() calls.
+	 */
+	if (strlen(sub_info->path) == 0)
+		goto out;
+
 	/*
 	 * Set the completion pointer only if there is a waiter.
 	 * This makes it possible to use umh_complete to free
@@ -613,7 +627,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(call_usermodehelper_exec);
  * This function is the equivalent to use call_usermodehelper_setup() and
  * call_usermodehelper_exec().
  */
-int call_usermodehelper(char *path, char **argv, char **envp, int wait)
+int call_usermodehelper(const char *path, char **argv, char **envp, int wait)
 {
 	struct subprocess_info *info;
 	gfp_t gfp_mask = (wait == UMH_NO_WAIT) ? GFP_ATOMIC : GFP_KERNEL;
diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig
index 118f4549404e..d900f47eaa68 100644
--- a/security/Kconfig
+++ b/security/Kconfig
@@ -158,6 +158,41 @@ config HARDENED_USERCOPY_PAGESPAN
 	  been removed. This config is intended to be used only while
 	  trying to find such users.
 
+config STATIC_USERMODEHELPER
+	bool "Force all usermode helper calls through a single binary"
+	help
+	  By default, the kernel can call many different userspace
+	  binary programs through the "usermode helper" kernel
+	  interface.  Some of these binaries are statically defined
+	  either in the kernel code itself, or as a kernel configuration
+	  option.  However, some of these are dynamically created at
+	  runtime, or can be modified after the kernel has started up.
+	  To provide an additional layer of security, route all of these
+	  calls through a single executable that can not have its name
+	  changed.
+
+	  Note, it is up to this single binary to then call the relevant
+	  "real" usermode helper binary, based on the first argument
+	  passed to it.  If desired, this program can filter and pick
+	  and choose what real programs are called.
+
+	  If you wish for all usermode helper programs are to be
+	  disabled, choose this option and then set
+	  STATIC_USERMODEHELPER_PATH to an empty string.
+
+config STATIC_USERMODEHELPER_PATH
+	string "Path to the static usermode helper binary"
+	depends on STATIC_USERMODEHELPER
+	default "/sbin/usermode-helper"
+	help
+	  The binary called by the kernel when any usermode helper
+	  program is wish to be run.  The "real" application's name will
+	  be in the first argument passed to this program on the command
+	  line.
+
+	  If you wish for all usermode helper programs to be disabled,
+	  specify an empty string here (i.e. "").
+
 source security/selinux/Kconfig
 source security/smack/Kconfig
 source security/tomoyo/Kconfig
diff --git a/security/keys/request_key.c b/security/keys/request_key.c
index 43affcf10b22..9822e500d50d 100644
--- a/security/keys/request_key.c
+++ b/security/keys/request_key.c
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static void umh_keys_cleanup(struct subprocess_info *info)
 /*
  * Call a usermode helper with a specific session keyring.
  */
-static int call_usermodehelper_keys(char *path, char **argv, char **envp,
+static int call_usermodehelper_keys(const char *path, char **argv, char **envp,
 					struct key *session_keyring, int wait)
 {
 	struct subprocess_info *info;
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ static int call_sbin_request_key(struct key_construction *cons,
 				 const char *op,
 				 void *aux)
 {
+	static char const request_key[] = "/sbin/request-key";
 	const struct cred *cred = current_cred();
 	key_serial_t prkey, sskey;
 	struct key *key = cons->key, *authkey = cons->authkey, *keyring,
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ static int call_sbin_request_key(struct key_construction *cons,
 
 	/* set up the argument list */
 	i = 0;
-	argv[i++] = "/sbin/request-key";
+	argv[i++] = (char *)request_key;
 	argv[i++] = (char *) op;
 	argv[i++] = key_str;
 	argv[i++] = uid_str;
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ static int call_sbin_request_key(struct key_construction *cons,
 	argv[i] = NULL;
 
 	/* do it */
-	ret = call_usermodehelper_keys(argv[0], argv, envp, keyring,
+	ret = call_usermodehelper_keys(request_key, argv, envp, keyring,
 				       UMH_WAIT_PROC);
 	kdebug("usermode -> 0x%x", ret);
 	if (ret >= 0) {
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/firmware/fw_filesystem.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/firmware/fw_filesystem.sh
index 5c495ad7958a..e35691239350 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/firmware/fw_filesystem.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/firmware/fw_filesystem.sh
@@ -5,9 +5,24 @@
 # know so we can be sure we're not accidentally testing the user helper.
 set -e
 
-modprobe test_firmware
-
 DIR=/sys/devices/virtual/misc/test_firmware
+TEST_DIR=$(dirname $0)
+
+test_modprobe()
+{
+	if [ ! -d $DIR ]; then
+		echo "$0: $DIR not present"
+		echo "You must have the following enabled in your kernel:"
+		cat $TEST_DIR/config
+		exit 1
+	fi
+}
+
+trap "test_modprobe" EXIT
+
+if [ ! -d $DIR ]; then
+	modprobe test_firmware
+fi
 
 # CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER has a sysfs class under /sys/class/firmware/
 # These days no one enables CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER so check for that
@@ -48,18 +63,18 @@ echo "ABCD0123" >"$FW"
 
 NAME=$(basename "$FW")
 
-if printf '\000' >"$DIR"/trigger_request; then
+if printf '\000' >"$DIR"/trigger_request 2> /dev/null; then
 	echo "$0: empty filename should not succeed" >&2
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-if printf '\000' >"$DIR"/trigger_async_request; then
+if printf '\000' >"$DIR"/trigger_async_request 2> /dev/null; then
 	echo "$0: empty filename should not succeed (async)" >&2
 	exit 1
 fi
 
 # Request a firmware that doesn't exist, it should fail.
-if echo -n "nope-$NAME" >"$DIR"/trigger_request; then
+if echo -n "nope-$NAME" >"$DIR"/trigger_request 2> /dev/null; then
 	echo "$0: firmware shouldn't have loaded" >&2
 	exit 1
 fi