License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier.  The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
 - file had no licensing information it it.
 - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
 - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne.  Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed.  Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
 - Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
 - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
   lines of source
 - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
   lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

 - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
   considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
   COPYING file license applied.

   For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0                                              11139

   and resulted in the first patch in this series.

   If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
   Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0".  Results of that was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        930

   and resulted in the second patch in this series.

 - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
   of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
   any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
   it (per prior point).  Results summary:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                       270
   GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      169
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause)    21
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    17
   LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      15
   GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       14
   ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    5
   LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       4
   LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT)              3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT)             1

   and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

 - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
   the concluded license(s).

 - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
   license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
   licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

 - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
   resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
   which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

 - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
   confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

 - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
   the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
   in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights.  The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
 - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
   license ids and scores
 - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
   files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
 - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
   was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
   SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction.  This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg.  Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected.  This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.)  Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

75 files changed, 75 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/Makefile b/arch/alpha/kernel/Makefile
index 8ce13d7a2ad3..bf7b41fa7b01 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # Makefile for the linux kernel.
 #
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/asm-offsets.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/asm-offsets.c
index 6ff8886e7e22..2e125e5c1508 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/asm-offsets.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/asm-offsets.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * Generate definitions needed by assembly language modules.
  * This code generates raw asm output which is post-processed to extract
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/binfmt_loader.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/binfmt_loader.c
index 9525660c93c0..a8d0d6e06526 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/binfmt_loader.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/binfmt_loader.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <linux/init.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
 #include <linux/file.h>
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c
index 6a61deed4a85..8e9a41966881 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c
index 708c831efa76..1bf3eef34c22 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c
index c44339e176c1..4b38386f6e62 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c
index 83d0a359a1b2..aec757250e07 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c
index cb2801cfd3df..81c0c43635b0 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c
index b10c316475dd..bdebb8c206f1 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c
index da7bcc372f16..b1549db54260 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c
index c5a271d37abd..75d622d96ff2 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *      linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c
index 3ada4f7b085d..2c00b61ca379 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c
index b532d925443d..132b06bdf903 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c
index 61893d7bdda5..e7c956ea46b6 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c
index 7e072443d7fd..cad36fc6ed7d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *  linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S b/arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S
index 98703d99b565..d92abb01c249 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c
index 13d53b1c9657..94e1b3dcf6d4 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c
index 51267ac5729b..8144f2045b5b 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c
index d738a67112d4..565de1acf1f5 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h
index ae529c416037..737b958a586d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c
index ae54ad91e18f..c0c0ccefc467 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c
index 14b26c466c89..0ffb2feea42a 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c
index d584c85fea7a..297476bb08fb 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c
index c0c7155448e0..8ac0088dca54 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c
  */
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/head.S b/arch/alpha/kernel/head.S
index c352499ab9f8..bb48a8ae4e79 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/head.S
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/head.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * arch/alpha/kernel/head.S
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/io.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/io.c
index 19c5875ab398..3e3d49c254c5 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/io.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/io.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * Alpha IO and memory functions.
  */
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c
index 2f26ae74b61a..f6d2946edbd2 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_alpha.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_alpha.c
index 1c8625cb0e25..da3e10d5f7fe 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_alpha.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_alpha.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * Alpha specific irq code.
  */
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c
index e1861c77dabc..5d54c076a8ae 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *      linux/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h
index d507a234b05d..16f2b0276f3a 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c
index 13c97a5b31e8..a968b10e687d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_srm.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_srm.c
index a79fa30e7552..bfacd6a06194 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_srm.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_srm.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * Handle interrupts from the SRM, assuming no additional weirdness.
  */
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h
index b7d69604b6d2..38f045ec5cd2 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c
index df0d0a5e9353..ce3a675c0c4b 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *  linux/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.c
index 27dcbff85613..63aee5d86e02 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <linux/ioport.h>
 #include <asm/io.h>
 
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.h
index 25e16956fe3e..043533027573 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 
 #ifndef _PC873xx_H_
 #define _PC873xx_H_
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c
index 676bab6e3123..b995987b1557 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c
index cbecd527c696..f94c732fedeb 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c
index 564114eb85e1..08235bb1f035 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h
index 2b0ac429f5eb..26231601630e 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c
index 7fd2329038a3..83b34b9188ea 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c
  */
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/perf_event.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/perf_event.c
index 5c218aa3f3df..a1f6bc7f1e4c 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/perf_event.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/perf_event.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * Hardware performance events for the Alpha.
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c
index 0b9635040721..74bfb1f2d68e 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *  linux/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/proto.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/proto.h
index da2d6ec9c370..f1fce942fddc 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/proto.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/proto.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
 #include <linux/io.h>
 
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/ptrace.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/ptrace.c
index 285a82d491ef..cb8d599e72d6 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/ptrace.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/ptrace.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /* ptrace.c */
 /* By Ross Biro 1/23/92 */
 /* edited by Linus Torvalds */
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c
index ceed68c7500b..b3da0dcda47d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *  linux/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c
index 249229ab4942..5576f7646fb6 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *  linux/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c
index 8129dd92cadc..9ebb3bcbc626 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *  linux/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/smc37c93x.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/smc37c93x.c
index 6886b834f487..733f08966fd2 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/smc37c93x.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/smc37c93x.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * SMC 37C93X initialization code
  */
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
index f6726a746427..d0dccae53ba9 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c
index e9c45b65a905..5da0aec8ce90 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c
index 118dc6af1805..dabb0d205c40 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c
index 4c50f8f40cbb..b8687dadd038 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c
index 6c35159bc00e..3d816947de13 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c
index ad40a425e841..59fd789dfc80 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c
index 15f42083bdb3..3c8c36d95448 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c
index 608f2a7fa0a3..d0d44f543d77 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c
index 3e533920371f..8d34cf6e002a 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c
index d5b9776a608d..d20337768606 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c
index 5e82dc1ad6f2..68b7d0c63b8d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c
index 8ae04a121186..cefa225ab478 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c
index 063e594fd969..1f2e8b1faa9a 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c
index dfd510ae5d8c..b21e572c1299 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c
index a3f485257170..197660ba686f 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c
index 08ee737d4fba..b09146e4a08d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c
index 8a0aa6d67b53..76eb2afca575 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c
index febd24eba7a6..b44b1cb923f3 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c
index d063b360efed..6c92f25172ff 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c
index dd0f1eae3c68..b0913e61416c 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c
index a53cf03f49d5..c8390d8de140 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *	linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c
index ee1874887776..8290274dec11 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *  linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S b/arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S
index 5b4514abb234..1374e591511f 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c
index 3bfe058d75d9..0069360697ee 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  *  linux/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c
index 49d3b1e63ce5..4bd99a7b1c41 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c
  *
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S b/arch/alpha/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
index cebecfb76fbf..c4b5ceceab52 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 #include <asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h>
 #include <asm/thread_info.h>
 #include <asm/cache.h>