diff options
author | Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> | 2020-04-02 01:11:40 +0200 |
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committer | Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> | 2020-04-02 01:11:40 +0200 |
commit | 668f1e9267415153e30bea03828c0530874e92e4 (patch) | |
tree | d0333babe300648e72c6f202f53654a0651501dc /lib | |
parent | Merge tag 'linux-kselftest-5.7-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/ker... (diff) | |
parent | kunit: tool: add missing test data file content (diff) | |
download | linux-668f1e9267415153e30bea03828c0530874e92e4.tar.xz linux-668f1e9267415153e30bea03828c0530874e92e4.zip |
Merge tag 'linux-kselftest-kunit-5.7-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/shuah/linux-kselftest
Pull kunit updates from Shuah Khan:
"This kunit update consists of:
- debugfs support for displaying kunit test suite results.
This is especially useful for module-loaded tests to allow
disentangling of test result display from other dmesg events.
CONFIG_KUNIT_DEBUGFS enables/disables the debugfs support.
- Several fixes and improvements to kunit framework and tool"
* tag 'linux-kselftest-kunit-5.7-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/shuah/linux-kselftest:
kunit: tool: add missing test data file content
kunit: update documentation to describe debugfs representation
kunit: subtests should be indented 4 spaces according to TAP
kunit: add log test
kunit: add debugfs /sys/kernel/debug/kunit/<suite>/results display
Documentation: kunit: Make the KUnit documentation less UML-specific
Fix linked-list KUnit test when run multiple times
kunit: kunit_tool: Allow .kunitconfig to disable config items
kunit: Always print actual pointer values in asserts
kunit: add --make_options
kunit: Run all KUnit tests through allyesconfig
kunit: kunit_parser: make parser more robust
Diffstat (limited to 'lib')
-rw-r--r-- | lib/kunit/Kconfig | 8 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | lib/kunit/Makefile | 4 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | lib/kunit/assert.c | 79 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | lib/kunit/debugfs.c | 116 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | lib/kunit/debugfs.h | 30 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | lib/kunit/kunit-test.c | 44 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | lib/kunit/test.c | 148 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | lib/list-test.c | 4 |
8 files changed, 358 insertions, 75 deletions
diff --git a/lib/kunit/Kconfig b/lib/kunit/Kconfig index 065aa16f448b..95d12e3d6d95 100644 --- a/lib/kunit/Kconfig +++ b/lib/kunit/Kconfig @@ -14,6 +14,14 @@ menuconfig KUNIT if KUNIT +config KUNIT_DEBUGFS + bool "KUnit - Enable /sys/kernel/debug/kunit debugfs representation" + help + Enable debugfs representation for kunit. Currently this consists + of /sys/kernel/debug/kunit/<test_suite>/results files for each + test suite, which allow users to see results of the last test suite + run that occurred. + config KUNIT_TEST tristate "KUnit test for KUnit" help diff --git a/lib/kunit/Makefile b/lib/kunit/Makefile index fab55649b69a..724b94311ca3 100644 --- a/lib/kunit/Makefile +++ b/lib/kunit/Makefile @@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ kunit-objs += test.o \ assert.o \ try-catch.o +ifeq ($(CONFIG_KUNIT_DEBUGFS),y) +kunit-objs += debugfs.o +endif + obj-$(CONFIG_KUNIT_TEST) += kunit-test.o # string-stream-test compiles built-in only. diff --git a/lib/kunit/assert.c b/lib/kunit/assert.c index b24bebca052d..33acdaa28a7d 100644 --- a/lib/kunit/assert.c +++ b/lib/kunit/assert.c @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ * Author: Brendan Higgins <brendanhiggins@google.com> */ #include <kunit/assert.h> +#include <kunit/test.h> #include "string-stream.h" @@ -53,12 +54,12 @@ void kunit_unary_assert_format(const struct kunit_assert *assert, kunit_base_assert_format(assert, stream); if (unary_assert->expected_true) string_stream_add(stream, - "\tExpected %s to be true, but is false\n", - unary_assert->condition); + KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "Expected %s to be true, but is false\n", + unary_assert->condition); else string_stream_add(stream, - "\tExpected %s to be false, but is true\n", - unary_assert->condition); + KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "Expected %s to be false, but is true\n", + unary_assert->condition); kunit_assert_print_msg(assert, stream); } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_unary_assert_format); @@ -72,13 +73,13 @@ void kunit_ptr_not_err_assert_format(const struct kunit_assert *assert, kunit_base_assert_format(assert, stream); if (!ptr_assert->value) { string_stream_add(stream, - "\tExpected %s is not null, but is\n", - ptr_assert->text); + KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "Expected %s is not null, but is\n", + ptr_assert->text); } else if (IS_ERR(ptr_assert->value)) { string_stream_add(stream, - "\tExpected %s is not error, but is: %ld\n", - ptr_assert->text, - PTR_ERR(ptr_assert->value)); + KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "Expected %s is not error, but is: %ld\n", + ptr_assert->text, + PTR_ERR(ptr_assert->value)); } kunit_assert_print_msg(assert, stream); } @@ -92,16 +93,16 @@ void kunit_binary_assert_format(const struct kunit_assert *assert, kunit_base_assert_format(assert, stream); string_stream_add(stream, - "\tExpected %s %s %s, but\n", - binary_assert->left_text, - binary_assert->operation, - binary_assert->right_text); - string_stream_add(stream, "\t\t%s == %lld\n", - binary_assert->left_text, - binary_assert->left_value); - string_stream_add(stream, "\t\t%s == %lld", - binary_assert->right_text, - binary_assert->right_value); + KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "Expected %s %s %s, but\n", + binary_assert->left_text, + binary_assert->operation, + binary_assert->right_text); + string_stream_add(stream, KUNIT_SUBSUBTEST_INDENT "%s == %lld\n", + binary_assert->left_text, + binary_assert->left_value); + string_stream_add(stream, KUNIT_SUBSUBTEST_INDENT "%s == %lld", + binary_assert->right_text, + binary_assert->right_value); kunit_assert_print_msg(assert, stream); } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_binary_assert_format); @@ -114,16 +115,16 @@ void kunit_binary_ptr_assert_format(const struct kunit_assert *assert, kunit_base_assert_format(assert, stream); string_stream_add(stream, - "\tExpected %s %s %s, but\n", - binary_assert->left_text, - binary_assert->operation, - binary_assert->right_text); - string_stream_add(stream, "\t\t%s == %pK\n", - binary_assert->left_text, - binary_assert->left_value); - string_stream_add(stream, "\t\t%s == %pK", - binary_assert->right_text, - binary_assert->right_value); + KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "Expected %s %s %s, but\n", + binary_assert->left_text, + binary_assert->operation, + binary_assert->right_text); + string_stream_add(stream, KUNIT_SUBSUBTEST_INDENT "%s == %px\n", + binary_assert->left_text, + binary_assert->left_value); + string_stream_add(stream, KUNIT_SUBSUBTEST_INDENT "%s == %px", + binary_assert->right_text, + binary_assert->right_value); kunit_assert_print_msg(assert, stream); } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_binary_ptr_assert_format); @@ -136,16 +137,16 @@ void kunit_binary_str_assert_format(const struct kunit_assert *assert, kunit_base_assert_format(assert, stream); string_stream_add(stream, - "\tExpected %s %s %s, but\n", - binary_assert->left_text, - binary_assert->operation, - binary_assert->right_text); - string_stream_add(stream, "\t\t%s == %s\n", - binary_assert->left_text, - binary_assert->left_value); - string_stream_add(stream, "\t\t%s == %s", - binary_assert->right_text, - binary_assert->right_value); + KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "Expected %s %s %s, but\n", + binary_assert->left_text, + binary_assert->operation, + binary_assert->right_text); + string_stream_add(stream, KUNIT_SUBSUBTEST_INDENT "%s == %s\n", + binary_assert->left_text, + binary_assert->left_value); + string_stream_add(stream, KUNIT_SUBSUBTEST_INDENT "%s == %s", + binary_assert->right_text, + binary_assert->right_value); kunit_assert_print_msg(assert, stream); } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_binary_str_assert_format); diff --git a/lib/kunit/debugfs.c b/lib/kunit/debugfs.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..9214c493d8b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/kunit/debugfs.c @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 +/* + * Copyright (c) 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. + * Author: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com> + */ + +#include <linux/debugfs.h> +#include <linux/module.h> + +#include <kunit/test.h> + +#include "string-stream.h" + +#define KUNIT_DEBUGFS_ROOT "kunit" +#define KUNIT_DEBUGFS_RESULTS "results" + +/* + * Create a debugfs representation of test suites: + * + * Path Semantics + * /sys/kernel/debug/kunit/<testsuite>/results Show results of last run for + * testsuite + * + */ + +static struct dentry *debugfs_rootdir; + +void kunit_debugfs_cleanup(void) +{ + debugfs_remove_recursive(debugfs_rootdir); +} + +void kunit_debugfs_init(void) +{ + if (!debugfs_rootdir) + debugfs_rootdir = debugfs_create_dir(KUNIT_DEBUGFS_ROOT, NULL); +} + +static void debugfs_print_result(struct seq_file *seq, + struct kunit_suite *suite, + struct kunit_case *test_case) +{ + if (!test_case || !test_case->log) + return; + + seq_printf(seq, "%s", test_case->log); +} + +/* + * /sys/kernel/debug/kunit/<testsuite>/results shows all results for testsuite. + */ +static int debugfs_print_results(struct seq_file *seq, void *v) +{ + struct kunit_suite *suite = (struct kunit_suite *)seq->private; + bool success = kunit_suite_has_succeeded(suite); + struct kunit_case *test_case; + + if (!suite || !suite->log) + return 0; + + seq_printf(seq, "%s", suite->log); + + kunit_suite_for_each_test_case(suite, test_case) + debugfs_print_result(seq, suite, test_case); + + seq_printf(seq, "%s %d - %s\n", + kunit_status_to_string(success), 1, suite->name); + return 0; +} + +static int debugfs_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +{ + return single_release(inode, file); +} + +static int debugfs_results_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +{ + struct kunit_suite *suite; + + suite = (struct kunit_suite *)inode->i_private; + + return single_open(file, debugfs_print_results, suite); +} + +static const struct file_operations debugfs_results_fops = { + .open = debugfs_results_open, + .read = seq_read, + .llseek = seq_lseek, + .release = debugfs_release, +}; + +void kunit_debugfs_create_suite(struct kunit_suite *suite) +{ + struct kunit_case *test_case; + + /* Allocate logs before creating debugfs representation. */ + suite->log = kzalloc(KUNIT_LOG_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); + kunit_suite_for_each_test_case(suite, test_case) + test_case->log = kzalloc(KUNIT_LOG_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL); + + suite->debugfs = debugfs_create_dir(suite->name, debugfs_rootdir); + + debugfs_create_file(KUNIT_DEBUGFS_RESULTS, S_IFREG | 0444, + suite->debugfs, + suite, &debugfs_results_fops); +} + +void kunit_debugfs_destroy_suite(struct kunit_suite *suite) +{ + struct kunit_case *test_case; + + debugfs_remove_recursive(suite->debugfs); + kfree(suite->log); + kunit_suite_for_each_test_case(suite, test_case) + kfree(test_case->log); +} diff --git a/lib/kunit/debugfs.h b/lib/kunit/debugfs.h new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..dcc7d7556107 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/kunit/debugfs.h @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. + */ + +#ifndef _KUNIT_DEBUGFS_H +#define _KUNIT_DEBUGFS_H + +#include <kunit/test.h> + +#ifdef CONFIG_KUNIT_DEBUGFS + +void kunit_debugfs_create_suite(struct kunit_suite *suite); +void kunit_debugfs_destroy_suite(struct kunit_suite *suite); +void kunit_debugfs_init(void); +void kunit_debugfs_cleanup(void); + +#else + +static inline void kunit_debugfs_create_suite(struct kunit_suite *suite) { } + +static inline void kunit_debugfs_destroy_suite(struct kunit_suite *suite) { } + +static inline void kunit_debugfs_init(void) { } + +static inline void kunit_debugfs_cleanup(void) { } + +#endif /* CONFIG_KUNIT_DEBUGFS */ + +#endif /* _KUNIT_DEBUGFS_H */ diff --git a/lib/kunit/kunit-test.c b/lib/kunit/kunit-test.c index ccb8d2e332f7..4f3d36a72f8f 100644 --- a/lib/kunit/kunit-test.c +++ b/lib/kunit/kunit-test.c @@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ static void kunit_resource_test_init_resources(struct kunit *test) { struct kunit_test_resource_context *ctx = test->priv; - kunit_init_test(&ctx->test, "testing_test_init_test"); + kunit_init_test(&ctx->test, "testing_test_init_test", NULL); KUNIT_EXPECT_TRUE(test, list_empty(&ctx->test.resources)); } @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ static int kunit_resource_test_init(struct kunit *test) test->priv = ctx; - kunit_init_test(&ctx->test, "test_test_context"); + kunit_init_test(&ctx->test, "test_test_context", NULL); return 0; } @@ -329,6 +329,44 @@ static struct kunit_suite kunit_resource_test_suite = { .exit = kunit_resource_test_exit, .test_cases = kunit_resource_test_cases, }; -kunit_test_suites(&kunit_try_catch_test_suite, &kunit_resource_test_suite); + +static void kunit_log_test(struct kunit *test); + +static struct kunit_case kunit_log_test_cases[] = { + KUNIT_CASE(kunit_log_test), + {} +}; + +static struct kunit_suite kunit_log_test_suite = { + .name = "kunit-log-test", + .test_cases = kunit_log_test_cases, +}; + +static void kunit_log_test(struct kunit *test) +{ + struct kunit_suite *suite = &kunit_log_test_suite; + + kunit_log(KERN_INFO, test, "put this in log."); + kunit_log(KERN_INFO, test, "this too."); + kunit_log(KERN_INFO, suite, "add to suite log."); + kunit_log(KERN_INFO, suite, "along with this."); + +#ifdef CONFIG_KUNIT_DEBUGFS + KUNIT_EXPECT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, + strstr(test->log, "put this in log.")); + KUNIT_EXPECT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, + strstr(test->log, "this too.")); + KUNIT_EXPECT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, + strstr(suite->log, "add to suite log.")); + KUNIT_EXPECT_NOT_ERR_OR_NULL(test, + strstr(suite->log, "along with this.")); +#else + KUNIT_EXPECT_PTR_EQ(test, test->log, (char *)NULL); + KUNIT_EXPECT_PTR_EQ(test, suite->log, (char *)NULL); +#endif +} + +kunit_test_suites(&kunit_try_catch_test_suite, &kunit_resource_test_suite, + &kunit_log_test_suite); MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2"); diff --git a/lib/kunit/test.c b/lib/kunit/test.c index 9242f932896c..7a6430a7fca0 100644 --- a/lib/kunit/test.c +++ b/lib/kunit/test.c @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ #include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/sched/debug.h> +#include "debugfs.h" #include "string-stream.h" #include "try-catch-impl.h" @@ -28,73 +29,117 @@ static void kunit_print_tap_version(void) } } -static size_t kunit_test_cases_len(struct kunit_case *test_cases) +/* + * Append formatted message to log, size of which is limited to + * KUNIT_LOG_SIZE bytes (including null terminating byte). + */ +void kunit_log_append(char *log, const char *fmt, ...) +{ + char line[KUNIT_LOG_SIZE]; + va_list args; + int len_left; + + if (!log) + return; + + len_left = KUNIT_LOG_SIZE - strlen(log) - 1; + if (len_left <= 0) + return; + + va_start(args, fmt); + vsnprintf(line, sizeof(line), fmt, args); + va_end(args); + + strncat(log, line, len_left); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_log_append); + +size_t kunit_suite_num_test_cases(struct kunit_suite *suite) { struct kunit_case *test_case; size_t len = 0; - for (test_case = test_cases; test_case->run_case; test_case++) + kunit_suite_for_each_test_case(suite, test_case) len++; return len; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_suite_num_test_cases); static void kunit_print_subtest_start(struct kunit_suite *suite) { kunit_print_tap_version(); - pr_info("\t# Subtest: %s\n", suite->name); - pr_info("\t1..%zd\n", kunit_test_cases_len(suite->test_cases)); + kunit_log(KERN_INFO, suite, KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "# Subtest: %s", + suite->name); + kunit_log(KERN_INFO, suite, KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "1..%zd", + kunit_suite_num_test_cases(suite)); } -static void kunit_print_ok_not_ok(bool should_indent, +static void kunit_print_ok_not_ok(void *test_or_suite, + bool is_test, bool is_ok, size_t test_number, const char *description) { - const char *indent, *ok_not_ok; - - if (should_indent) - indent = "\t"; - else - indent = ""; + struct kunit_suite *suite = is_test ? NULL : test_or_suite; + struct kunit *test = is_test ? test_or_suite : NULL; - if (is_ok) - ok_not_ok = "ok"; + /* + * We do not log the test suite results as doing so would + * mean debugfs display would consist of the test suite + * description and status prior to individual test results. + * Hence directly printk the suite status, and we will + * separately seq_printf() the suite status for the debugfs + * representation. + */ + if (suite) + pr_info("%s %zd - %s", + kunit_status_to_string(is_ok), + test_number, description); else - ok_not_ok = "not ok"; - - pr_info("%s%s %zd - %s\n", indent, ok_not_ok, test_number, description); + kunit_log(KERN_INFO, test, KUNIT_SUBTEST_INDENT "%s %zd - %s", + kunit_status_to_string(is_ok), + test_number, description); } -static bool kunit_suite_has_succeeded(struct kunit_suite *suite) +bool kunit_suite_has_succeeded(struct kunit_suite *suite) { const struct kunit_case *test_case; - for (test_case = suite->test_cases; test_case->run_case; test_case++) + kunit_suite_for_each_test_case(suite, test_case) { if (!test_case->success) return false; + } return true; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_suite_has_succeeded); static void kunit_print_subtest_end(struct kunit_suite *suite) { static size_t kunit_suite_counter = 1; - kunit_print_ok_not_ok(false, + kunit_print_ok_not_ok((void *)suite, false, kunit_suite_has_succeeded(suite), kunit_suite_counter++, suite->name); } -static void kunit_print_test_case_ok_not_ok(struct kunit_case *test_case, - size_t test_number) +unsigned int kunit_test_case_num(struct kunit_suite *suite, + struct kunit_case *test_case) { - kunit_print_ok_not_ok(true, - test_case->success, - test_number, - test_case->name); + struct kunit_case *tc; + unsigned int i = 1; + + kunit_suite_for_each_test_case(suite, tc) { + if (tc == test_case) + return i; + i++; + } + + return 0; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_test_case_num); static void kunit_print_string_stream(struct kunit *test, struct string_stream *stream) @@ -102,6 +147,9 @@ static void kunit_print_string_stream(struct kunit *test, struct string_stream_fragment *fragment; char *buf; + if (string_stream_is_empty(stream)) + return; + buf = string_stream_get_string(stream); if (!buf) { kunit_err(test, @@ -175,11 +223,14 @@ void kunit_do_assertion(struct kunit *test, } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_do_assertion); -void kunit_init_test(struct kunit *test, const char *name) +void kunit_init_test(struct kunit *test, const char *name, char *log) { spin_lock_init(&test->lock); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&test->resources); test->name = name; + test->log = log; + if (test->log) + test->log[0] = '\0'; test->success = true; } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_init_test); @@ -290,7 +341,7 @@ static void kunit_run_case_catch_errors(struct kunit_suite *suite, struct kunit_try_catch *try_catch; struct kunit test; - kunit_init_test(&test, test_case->name); + kunit_init_test(&test, test_case->name, test_case->log); try_catch = &test.try_catch; kunit_try_catch_init(try_catch, @@ -303,19 +354,20 @@ static void kunit_run_case_catch_errors(struct kunit_suite *suite, kunit_try_catch_run(try_catch, &context); test_case->success = test.success; + + kunit_print_ok_not_ok(&test, true, test_case->success, + kunit_test_case_num(suite, test_case), + test_case->name); } int kunit_run_tests(struct kunit_suite *suite) { struct kunit_case *test_case; - size_t test_case_count = 1; kunit_print_subtest_start(suite); - for (test_case = suite->test_cases; test_case->run_case; test_case++) { + kunit_suite_for_each_test_case(suite, test_case) kunit_run_case_catch_errors(suite, test_case); - kunit_print_test_case_ok_not_ok(test_case, test_case_count++); - } kunit_print_subtest_end(suite); @@ -323,6 +375,37 @@ int kunit_run_tests(struct kunit_suite *suite) } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_run_tests); +static void kunit_init_suite(struct kunit_suite *suite) +{ + kunit_debugfs_create_suite(suite); +} + +int __kunit_test_suites_init(struct kunit_suite **suites) +{ + unsigned int i; + + for (i = 0; suites[i] != NULL; i++) { + kunit_init_suite(suites[i]); + kunit_run_tests(suites[i]); + } + return 0; +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__kunit_test_suites_init); + +static void kunit_exit_suite(struct kunit_suite *suite) +{ + kunit_debugfs_destroy_suite(suite); +} + +void __kunit_test_suites_exit(struct kunit_suite **suites) +{ + unsigned int i; + + for (i = 0; suites[i] != NULL; i++) + kunit_exit_suite(suites[i]); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__kunit_test_suites_exit); + struct kunit_resource *kunit_alloc_and_get_resource(struct kunit *test, kunit_resource_init_t init, kunit_resource_free_t free, @@ -489,12 +572,15 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kunit_cleanup); static int __init kunit_init(void) { + kunit_debugfs_init(); + return 0; } late_initcall(kunit_init); static void __exit kunit_exit(void) { + kunit_debugfs_cleanup(); } module_exit(kunit_exit); diff --git a/lib/list-test.c b/lib/list-test.c index 76babb1df889..ee09505df16f 100644 --- a/lib/list-test.c +++ b/lib/list-test.c @@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ static void list_test_list_for_each_prev_safe(struct kunit *test) static void list_test_list_for_each_entry(struct kunit *test) { struct list_test_struct entries[5], *cur; - static LIST_HEAD(list); + LIST_HEAD(list); int i = 0; for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) { @@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ static void list_test_list_for_each_entry(struct kunit *test) static void list_test_list_for_each_entry_reverse(struct kunit *test) { struct list_test_struct entries[5], *cur; - static LIST_HEAD(list); + LIST_HEAD(list); int i = 0; for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) { |