21 files changed, 245 insertions, 8 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
index c8bad1762cba..dd5947a96714 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
@@ -4061,6 +4061,17 @@
 			fully seed the kernel's CRNG. Default is controlled
 			by CONFIG_RANDOM_TRUST_CPU.
 
+	randomize_kstack_offset=
+			[KNL] Enable or disable kernel stack offset
+			randomization, which provides roughly 5 bits of
+			entropy, frustrating memory corruption attacks
+			that depend on stack address determinism or
+			cross-syscall address exposures. This is only
+			available on architectures that have defined
+			CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET.
+			Format: <bool>  (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
+			Default is CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT.
+
 	ras=option[,option,...]	[KNL] RAS-specific options
 
 		cec_disable	[X86]
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 3a10a8e08b6d..70bfa5067c87 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -813,6 +813,10 @@ KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= -ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero
 KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= -enable-trivial-auto-var-init-zero-knowing-it-will-be-removed-from-clang
 endif
 
+# While VLAs have been removed, GCC produces unreachable stack probes
+# for the randomize_kstack_offset feature. Disable it for all compilers.
+KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= $(call cc-option, -fno-stack-clash-protection)
+
 DEBUG_CFLAGS	:=
 
 # Workaround for GCC versions < 5.0
diff --git a/arch/Kconfig b/arch/Kconfig
index ecfd3520b676..6b11c825fc36 100644
--- a/arch/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/Kconfig
@@ -1054,6 +1054,29 @@ config VMAP_STACK
 	  backing virtual mappings with real shadow memory, and KASAN_VMALLOC
 	  must be enabled.
 
+config HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET
+	def_bool n
+	help
+	  An arch should select this symbol if it can support kernel stack
+	  offset randomization with calls to add_random_kstack_offset()
+	  during syscall entry and choose_random_kstack_offset() during
+	  syscall exit. Careful removal of -fstack-protector-strong and
+	  -fstack-protector should also be applied to the entry code and
+	  closely examined, as the artificial stack bump looks like an array
+	  to the compiler, so it will attempt to add canary checks regardless
+	  of the static branch state.
+
+config RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT
+	bool "Randomize kernel stack offset on syscall entry"
+	depends on HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET
+	help
+	  The kernel stack offset can be randomized (after pt_regs) by
+	  roughly 5 bits of entropy, frustrating memory corruption
+	  attacks that depend on stack address determinism or
+	  cross-syscall address exposures. This feature is controlled
+	  by kernel boot param "randomize_kstack_offset=on/off", and this
+	  config chooses the default boot state.
+
 config ARCH_OPTIONAL_KERNEL_RWX
 	def_bool n
 
diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
index dfdc3e0af5e1..f1a032ed2274 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ config ARM64
 	select HAVE_ARCH_MMAP_RND_COMPAT_BITS if COMPAT
 	select HAVE_ARCH_PFN_VALID
 	select HAVE_ARCH_PREL32_RELOCATIONS
+	select HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET
 	select HAVE_ARCH_SECCOMP_FILTER
 	select HAVE_ARCH_STACKLEAK
 	select HAVE_ARCH_THREAD_STRUCT_WHITELIST
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile b/arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile
index ed65576ce710..6cc97730790e 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile
@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@ CFLAGS_REMOVE_ftrace.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)
 CFLAGS_REMOVE_insn.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)
 CFLAGS_REMOVE_return_address.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)
 
+# Remove stack protector to avoid triggering unneeded stack canary
+# checks due to randomize_kstack_offset.
+CFLAGS_REMOVE_syscall.o	 = -fstack-protector -fstack-protector-strong
+CFLAGS_syscall.o	+= -fno-stack-protector
+
 # Object file lists.
 obj-y			:= debug-monitors.o entry.o irq.o fpsimd.o		\
 			   entry-common.o entry-fpsimd.o process.o ptrace.o	\
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c
index b9cf12b271d7..263d6c1a525f 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <linux/errno.h>
 #include <linux/nospec.h>
 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
+#include <linux/randomize_kstack.h>
 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
 
 #include <asm/daifflags.h>
@@ -43,6 +44,8 @@ static void invoke_syscall(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned int scno,
 {
 	long ret;
 
+	add_random_kstack_offset();
+
 	if (scno < sc_nr) {
 		syscall_fn_t syscall_fn;
 		syscall_fn = syscall_table[array_index_nospec(scno, sc_nr)];
@@ -55,6 +58,19 @@ static void invoke_syscall(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned int scno,
 		ret = lower_32_bits(ret);
 
 	regs->regs[0] = ret;
+
+	/*
+	 * Ultimately, this value will get limited by KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(),
+	 * but not enough for arm64 stack utilization comfort. To keep
+	 * reasonable stack head room, reduce the maximum offset to 9 bits.
+	 *
+	 * The actual entropy will be further reduced by the compiler when
+	 * applying stack alignment constraints: the AAPCS mandates a
+	 * 16-byte (i.e. 4-bit) aligned SP at function boundaries.
+	 *
+	 * The resulting 5 bits of entropy is seen in SP[8:4].
+	 */
+	choose_random_kstack_offset(get_random_int() & 0x1FF);
 }
 
 static inline bool has_syscall_work(unsigned long flags)
diff --git a/arch/x86/Kconfig b/arch/x86/Kconfig
index 6e0b08310949..f3db131be563 100644
--- a/arch/x86/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/x86/Kconfig
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ config X86
 	select HAVE_ARCH_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_PUD if X86_64
 	select HAVE_ARCH_USERFAULTFD_WP         if X86_64 && USERFAULTFD
 	select HAVE_ARCH_VMAP_STACK		if X86_64
+	select HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET
 	select HAVE_ARCH_WITHIN_STACK_FRAMES
 	select HAVE_ASM_MODVERSIONS
 	select HAVE_CMPXCHG_DOUBLE
diff --git a/arch/x86/entry/common.c b/arch/x86/entry/common.c
index 4efd39aacb9f..7b2542b13ebd 100644
--- a/arch/x86/entry/common.c
+++ b/arch/x86/entry/common.c
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
 __visible noinstr void do_syscall_64(unsigned long nr, struct pt_regs *regs)
 {
+	add_random_kstack_offset();
 	nr = syscall_enter_from_user_mode(regs, nr);
 
 	instrumentation_begin();
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ __visible noinstr void do_int80_syscall_32(struct pt_regs *regs)
 {
 	unsigned int nr = syscall_32_enter(regs);
 
+	add_random_kstack_offset();
 	/*
 	 * Subtlety here: if ptrace pokes something larger than 2^32-1 into
 	 * orig_ax, the unsigned int return value truncates it.  This may
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ static noinstr bool __do_fast_syscall_32(struct pt_regs *regs)
 	unsigned int nr = syscall_32_enter(regs);
 	int res;
 
+	add_random_kstack_offset();
 	/*
 	 * This cannot use syscall_enter_from_user_mode() as it has to
 	 * fetch EBP before invoking any of the syscall entry work
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/entry-common.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/entry-common.h
index 2b87b191b3b8..14ebd2196569 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/entry-common.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/entry-common.h
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #ifndef _ASM_X86_ENTRY_COMMON_H
 #define _ASM_X86_ENTRY_COMMON_H
 
+#include <linux/randomize_kstack.h>
 #include <linux/user-return-notifier.h>
 
 #include <asm/nospec-branch.h>
@@ -70,6 +71,21 @@ static inline void arch_exit_to_user_mode_prepare(struct pt_regs *regs,
 	 */
 	current_thread_info()->status &= ~(TS_COMPAT | TS_I386_REGS_POKED);
 #endif
+
+	/*
+	 * Ultimately, this value will get limited by KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(),
+	 * but not enough for x86 stack utilization comfort. To keep
+	 * reasonable stack head room, reduce the maximum offset to 8 bits.
+	 *
+	 * The actual entropy will be further reduced by the compiler when
+	 * applying stack alignment constraints (see cc_stack_align4/8 in
+	 * arch/x86/Makefile), which will remove the 3 (x86_64) or 2 (ia32)
+	 * low bits from any entropy chosen here.
+	 *
+	 * Therefore, final stack offset entropy will be 5 (x86_64) or
+	 * 6 (ia32) bits.
+	 */
+	choose_random_kstack_offset(rdtsc() & 0xFF);
 }
 #define arch_exit_to_user_mode_prepare arch_exit_to_user_mode_prepare
 
diff --git a/drivers/misc/lkdtm/bugs.c b/drivers/misc/lkdtm/bugs.c
index 110f5a8538e9..0e8254d0cf0b 100644
--- a/drivers/misc/lkdtm/bugs.c
+++ b/drivers/misc/lkdtm/bugs.c
@@ -134,6 +134,23 @@ noinline void lkdtm_CORRUPT_STACK_STRONG(void)
 	__lkdtm_CORRUPT_STACK((void *)&data);
 }
 
+static pid_t stack_pid;
+static unsigned long stack_addr;
+
+void lkdtm_REPORT_STACK(void)
+{
+	volatile uintptr_t magic;
+	pid_t pid = task_pid_nr(current);
+
+	if (pid != stack_pid) {
+		pr_info("Starting stack offset tracking for pid %d\n", pid);
+		stack_pid = pid;
+		stack_addr = (uintptr_t)&magic;
+	}
+
+	pr_info("Stack offset: %d\n", (int)(stack_addr - (uintptr_t)&magic));
+}
+
 void lkdtm_UNALIGNED_LOAD_STORE_WRITE(void)
 {
 	static u8 data[5] __attribute__((aligned(4))) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
diff --git a/drivers/misc/lkdtm/core.c b/drivers/misc/lkdtm/core.c
index b2aff4d87c01..8024b6a5cc7f 100644
--- a/drivers/misc/lkdtm/core.c
+++ b/drivers/misc/lkdtm/core.c
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ static const struct crashtype crashtypes[] = {
 	CRASHTYPE(EXHAUST_STACK),
 	CRASHTYPE(CORRUPT_STACK),
 	CRASHTYPE(CORRUPT_STACK_STRONG),
+	CRASHTYPE(REPORT_STACK),
 	CRASHTYPE(CORRUPT_LIST_ADD),
 	CRASHTYPE(CORRUPT_LIST_DEL),
 	CRASHTYPE(STACK_GUARD_PAGE_LEADING),
diff --git a/drivers/misc/lkdtm/lkdtm.h b/drivers/misc/lkdtm/lkdtm.h
index 5ae48c64df24..99f90d3e5e9c 100644
--- a/drivers/misc/lkdtm/lkdtm.h
+++ b/drivers/misc/lkdtm/lkdtm.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ void lkdtm_LOOP(void);
 void lkdtm_EXHAUST_STACK(void);
 void lkdtm_CORRUPT_STACK(void);
 void lkdtm_CORRUPT_STACK_STRONG(void);
+void lkdtm_REPORT_STACK(void);
 void lkdtm_UNALIGNED_LOAD_STORE_WRITE(void);
 void lkdtm_SOFTLOCKUP(void);
 void lkdtm_HARDLOCKUP(void);
diff --git a/include/linux/jump_label.h b/include/linux/jump_label.h
index d92691262f51..05f5554d860f 100644
--- a/include/linux/jump_label.h
+++ b/include/linux/jump_label.h
@@ -382,6 +382,21 @@ struct static_key_false {
 		[0 ... (count) - 1] = STATIC_KEY_FALSE_INIT,	\
 	}
 
+#define _DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_1(name)	DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE(name)
+#define _DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_0(name)	DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(name)
+#define DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(cfg, name)			\
+	__PASTE(_DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_, IS_ENABLED(cfg))(name)
+
+#define _DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_RO_1(name)	DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE_RO(name)
+#define _DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_RO_0(name)	DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE_RO(name)
+#define DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE_RO(cfg, name)			\
+	__PASTE(_DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_RO_, IS_ENABLED(cfg))(name)
+
+#define _DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_1(name)	DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE(name)
+#define _DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_0(name)	DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(name)
+#define DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(cfg, name)			\
+	__PASTE(_DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_, IS_ENABLED(cfg))(name)
+
 extern bool ____wrong_branch_error(void);
 
 #define static_key_enabled(x)							\
@@ -482,6 +497,10 @@ extern bool ____wrong_branch_error(void);
 
 #endif /* CONFIG_JUMP_LABEL */
 
+#define static_branch_maybe(config, x)					\
+	(IS_ENABLED(config) ? static_branch_likely(x)			\
+			    : static_branch_unlikely(x))
+
 /*
  * Advanced usage; refcount, branch is enabled when: count != 0
  */
diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index 8ba434287387..616dcaf08d99 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -2904,18 +2904,20 @@ static inline void kernel_poison_pages(struct page *page, int numpages) { }
 static inline void kernel_unpoison_pages(struct page *page, int numpages) { }
 #endif
 
-DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(init_on_alloc);
+DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON, init_on_alloc);
 static inline bool want_init_on_alloc(gfp_t flags)
 {
-	if (static_branch_unlikely(&init_on_alloc))
+	if (static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON,
+				&init_on_alloc))
 		return true;
 	return flags & __GFP_ZERO;
 }
 
-DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(init_on_free);
+DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON, init_on_free);
 static inline bool want_init_on_free(void)
 {
-	return static_branch_unlikely(&init_on_free);
+	return static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON,
+				   &init_on_free);
 }
 
 extern bool _debug_pagealloc_enabled_early;
diff --git a/include/linux/randomize_kstack.h b/include/linux/randomize_kstack.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fd80fab663a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/linux/randomize_kstack.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */
+#ifndef _LINUX_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_H
+#define _LINUX_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_H
+
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/jump_label.h>
+#include <linux/percpu-defs.h>
+
+DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT,
+			 randomize_kstack_offset);
+DECLARE_PER_CPU(u32, kstack_offset);
+
+/*
+ * Do not use this anywhere else in the kernel. This is used here because
+ * it provides an arch-agnostic way to grow the stack with correct
+ * alignment. Also, since this use is being explicitly masked to a max of
+ * 10 bits, stack-clash style attacks are unlikely. For more details see
+ * "VLAs" in Documentation/process/deprecated.rst
+ */
+void *__builtin_alloca(size_t size);
+/*
+ * Use, at most, 10 bits of entropy. We explicitly cap this to keep the
+ * "VLA" from being unbounded (see above). 10 bits leaves enough room for
+ * per-arch offset masks to reduce entropy (by removing higher bits, since
+ * high entropy may overly constrain usable stack space), and for
+ * compiler/arch-specific stack alignment to remove the lower bits.
+ */
+#define KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(x)	((x) & 0x3FF)
+
+/*
+ * These macros must be used during syscall entry when interrupts and
+ * preempt are disabled, and after user registers have been stored to
+ * the stack.
+ */
+#define add_random_kstack_offset() do {					\
+	if (static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT,	\
+				&randomize_kstack_offset)) {		\
+		u32 offset = raw_cpu_read(kstack_offset);		\
+		u8 *ptr = __builtin_alloca(KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(offset));	\
+		/* Keep allocation even after "ptr" loses scope. */	\
+		asm volatile("" : "=o"(*ptr) :: "memory");		\
+	}								\
+} while (0)
+
+#define choose_random_kstack_offset(rand) do {				\
+	if (static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT,	\
+				&randomize_kstack_offset)) {		\
+		u32 offset = raw_cpu_read(kstack_offset);		\
+		offset ^= (rand);					\
+		raw_cpu_write(kstack_offset, offset);			\
+	}								\
+} while (0)
+
+#endif
diff --git a/init/main.c b/init/main.c
index 53b278845b88..f498aac26e8c 100644
--- a/init/main.c
+++ b/init/main.c
@@ -844,6 +844,29 @@ static void __init mm_init(void)
 	pti_init();
 }
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET
+DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE_RO(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT,
+			   randomize_kstack_offset);
+DEFINE_PER_CPU(u32, kstack_offset);
+
+static int __init early_randomize_kstack_offset(char *buf)
+{
+	int ret;
+	bool bool_result;
+
+	ret = kstrtobool(buf, &bool_result);
+	if (ret)
+		return ret;
+
+	if (bool_result)
+		static_branch_enable(&randomize_kstack_offset);
+	else
+		static_branch_disable(&randomize_kstack_offset);
+	return 0;
+}
+early_param("randomize_kstack_offset", early_randomize_kstack_offset);
+#endif
+
 void __init __weak arch_call_rest_init(void)
 {
 	rest_init();
diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index cfc72873961d..e2f19bf948db 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -167,10 +167,10 @@ unsigned long totalcma_pages __read_mostly;
 
 int percpu_pagelist_fraction;
 gfp_t gfp_allowed_mask __read_mostly = GFP_BOOT_MASK;
-DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(init_on_alloc);
+DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON, init_on_alloc);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(init_on_alloc);
 
-DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(init_on_free);
+DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON, init_on_free);
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(init_on_free);
 
 static bool _init_on_alloc_enabled_early __read_mostly
diff --git a/mm/slab.h b/mm/slab.h
index 076582f58f68..774c7221efdc 100644
--- a/mm/slab.h
+++ b/mm/slab.h
@@ -601,7 +601,8 @@ static inline void cache_random_seq_destroy(struct kmem_cache *cachep) { }
 
 static inline bool slab_want_init_on_alloc(gfp_t flags, struct kmem_cache *c)
 {
-	if (static_branch_unlikely(&init_on_alloc)) {
+	if (static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON,
+				&init_on_alloc)) {
 		if (c->ctor)
 			return false;
 		if (c->flags & (SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU | SLAB_POISON))
@@ -613,7 +614,8 @@ static inline bool slab_want_init_on_alloc(gfp_t flags, struct kmem_cache *c)
 
 static inline bool slab_want_init_on_free(struct kmem_cache *c)
 {
-	if (static_branch_unlikely(&init_on_free))
+	if (static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON,
+				&init_on_free))
 		return !(c->ctor ||
 			 (c->flags & (SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU | SLAB_POISON)));
 	return false;
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/.gitignore b/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/.gitignore
index f26212605b6b..d4b0be857deb 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/.gitignore
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/.gitignore
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 *.sh
 !run.sh
+!stack-entropy.sh
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/Makefile
index 1bcc9ee990eb..c71109ceeb2d 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/Makefile
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/Makefile
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ include ../lib.mk
 
 # NOTE: $(OUTPUT) won't get default value if used before lib.mk
 TEST_FILES := tests.txt
+TEST_PROGS := stack-entropy.sh
 TEST_GEN_PROGS = $(patsubst %,$(OUTPUT)/%.sh,$(shell awk '{print $$1}' tests.txt | sed -e 's/\#//'))
 all: $(TEST_GEN_PROGS)
 
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/stack-entropy.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/stack-entropy.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..b1b8a5097cbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/stack-entropy.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+#
+# Measure kernel stack entropy by sampling via LKDTM's REPORT_STACK test.
+set -e
+samples="${1:-1000}"
+
+# Capture dmesg continuously since it may fill up depending on sample size.
+log=$(mktemp -t stack-entropy-XXXXXX)
+dmesg --follow >"$log" & pid=$!
+report=-1
+for i in $(seq 1 $samples); do
+        echo "REPORT_STACK" >/sys/kernel/debug/provoke-crash/DIRECT
+	if [ -t 1 ]; then
+		percent=$(( 100 * $i / $samples ))
+		if [ "$percent" -ne "$report" ]; then
+			/bin/echo -en "$percent%\r"
+			report="$percent"
+		fi
+	fi
+done
+kill "$pid"
+
+# Count unique offsets since last run.
+seen=$(tac "$log" | grep -m1 -B"$samples"0 'Starting stack offset' | \
+	grep 'Stack offset' | awk '{print $NF}' | sort | uniq -c | wc -l)
+bits=$(echo "obase=2; $seen" | bc | wc -L)
+echo "Bits of stack entropy: $bits"
+rm -f "$log"
+
+# We would expect any functional stack randomization to be at least 5 bits.
+if [ "$bits" -lt 5 ]; then
+	exit 1
+else
+	exit 0
+fi