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diff --git a/Documentation/hrtimers/hrtimers.txt b/Documentation/hrtimers/hrtimers.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ce31f65e12e7..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/hrtimers/hrtimers.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,178 +0,0 @@ - -hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers ----------------------------------------------------- - -This patch introduces a new subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers. - -One might ask the question: we already have a timer subsystem -(kernel/timers.c), why do we need two timer subsystems? After a lot of -back and forth trying to integrate high-resolution and high-precision -features into the existing timer framework, and after testing various -such high-resolution timer implementations in practice, we came to the -conclusion that the timer wheel code is fundamentally not suitable for -such an approach. We initially didn't believe this ('there must be a way -to solve this'), and spent a considerable effort trying to integrate -things into the timer wheel, but we failed. In hindsight, there are -several reasons why such integration is hard/impossible: - -- the forced handling of low-resolution and high-resolution timers in - the same way leads to a lot of compromises, macro magic and #ifdef - mess. The timers.c code is very "tightly coded" around jiffies and - 32-bitness assumptions, and has been honed and micro-optimized for a - relatively narrow use case (jiffies in a relatively narrow HZ range) - for many years - and thus even small extensions to it easily break - the wheel concept, leading to even worse compromises. The timer wheel - code is very good and tight code, there's zero problems with it in its - current usage - but it is simply not suitable to be extended for - high-res timers. - -- the unpredictable [O(N)] overhead of cascading leads to delays which - necessitate a more complex handling of high resolution timers, which - in turn decreases robustness. Such a design still led to rather large - timing inaccuracies. Cascading is a fundamental property of the timer - wheel concept, it cannot be 'designed out' without unevitably - degrading other portions of the timers.c code in an unacceptable way. - -- the implementation of the current posix-timer subsystem on top of - the timer wheel has already introduced a quite complex handling of - the required readjusting of absolute CLOCK_REALTIME timers at - settimeofday or NTP time - further underlying our experience by - example: that the timer wheel data structure is too rigid for high-res - timers. - -- the timer wheel code is most optimal for use cases which can be - identified as "timeouts". Such timeouts are usually set up to cover - error conditions in various I/O paths, such as networking and block - I/O. The vast majority of those timers never expire and are rarely - recascaded because the expected correct event arrives in time so they - can be removed from the timer wheel before any further processing of - them becomes necessary. Thus the users of these timeouts can accept - the granularity and precision tradeoffs of the timer wheel, and - largely expect the timer subsystem to have near-zero overhead. - Accurate timing for them is not a core purpose - in fact most of the - timeout values used are ad-hoc. For them it is at most a necessary - evil to guarantee the processing of actual timeout completions - (because most of the timeouts are deleted before completion), which - should thus be as cheap and unintrusive as possible. - -The primary users of precision timers are user-space applications that -utilize nanosleep, posix-timers and itimer interfaces. Also, in-kernel -users like drivers and subsystems which require precise timed events -(e.g. multimedia) can benefit from the availability of a separate -high-resolution timer subsystem as well. - -While this subsystem does not offer high-resolution clock sources just -yet, the hrtimer subsystem can be easily extended with high-resolution -clock capabilities, and patches for that exist and are maturing quickly. -The increasing demand for realtime and multimedia applications along -with other potential users for precise timers gives another reason to -separate the "timeout" and "precise timer" subsystems. - -Another potential benefit is that such a separation allows even more -special-purpose optimization of the existing timer wheel for the low -resolution and low precision use cases - once the precision-sensitive -APIs are separated from the timer wheel and are migrated over to -hrtimers. E.g. we could decrease the frequency of the timeout subsystem -from 250 Hz to 100 HZ (or even smaller). - -hrtimer subsystem implementation details ----------------------------------------- - -the basic design considerations were: - -- simplicity - -- data structure not bound to jiffies or any other granularity. All the - kernel logic works at 64-bit nanoseconds resolution - no compromises. - -- simplification of existing, timing related kernel code - -another basic requirement was the immediate enqueueing and ordering of -timers at activation time. After looking at several possible solutions -such as radix trees and hashes, we chose the red black tree as the basic -data structure. Rbtrees are available as a library in the kernel and are -used in various performance-critical areas of e.g. memory management and -file systems. The rbtree is solely used for time sorted ordering, while -a separate list is used to give the expiry code fast access to the -queued timers, without having to walk the rbtree. - -(This separate list is also useful for later when we'll introduce -high-resolution clocks, where we need separate pending and expired -queues while keeping the time-order intact.) - -Time-ordered enqueueing is not purely for the purposes of -high-resolution clocks though, it also simplifies the handling of -absolute timers based on a low-resolution CLOCK_REALTIME. The existing -implementation needed to keep an extra list of all armed absolute -CLOCK_REALTIME timers along with complex locking. In case of -settimeofday and NTP, all the timers (!) had to be dequeued, the -time-changing code had to fix them up one by one, and all of them had to -be enqueued again. The time-ordered enqueueing and the storage of the -expiry time in absolute time units removes all this complex and poorly -scaling code from the posix-timer implementation - the clock can simply -be set without having to touch the rbtree. This also makes the handling -of posix-timers simpler in general. - -The locking and per-CPU behavior of hrtimers was mostly taken from the -existing timer wheel code, as it is mature and well suited. Sharing code -was not really a win, due to the different data structures. Also, the -hrtimer functions now have clearer behavior and clearer names - such as -hrtimer_try_to_cancel() and hrtimer_cancel() [which are roughly -equivalent to del_timer() and del_timer_sync()] - so there's no direct -1:1 mapping between them on the algorithmical level, and thus no real -potential for code sharing either. - -Basic data types: every time value, absolute or relative, is in a -special nanosecond-resolution type: ktime_t. The kernel-internal -representation of ktime_t values and operations is implemented via -macros and inline functions, and can be switched between a "hybrid -union" type and a plain "scalar" 64bit nanoseconds representation (at -compile time). The hybrid union type optimizes time conversions on 32bit -CPUs. This build-time-selectable ktime_t storage format was implemented -to avoid the performance impact of 64-bit multiplications and divisions -on 32bit CPUs. Such operations are frequently necessary to convert -between the storage formats provided by kernel and userspace interfaces -and the internal time format. (See include/linux/ktime.h for further -details.) - -hrtimers - rounding of timer values ------------------------------------ - -the hrtimer code will round timer events to lower-resolution clocks -because it has to. Otherwise it will do no artificial rounding at all. - -one question is, what resolution value should be returned to the user by -the clock_getres() interface. This will return whatever real resolution -a given clock has - be it low-res, high-res, or artificially-low-res. - -hrtimers - testing and verification ----------------------------------- - -We used the high-resolution clock subsystem ontop of hrtimers to verify -the hrtimer implementation details in praxis, and we also ran the posix -timer tests in order to ensure specification compliance. We also ran -tests on low-resolution clocks. - -The hrtimer patch converts the following kernel functionality to use -hrtimers: - - - nanosleep - - itimers - - posix-timers - -The conversion of nanosleep and posix-timers enabled the unification of -nanosleep and clock_nanosleep. - -The code was successfully compiled for the following platforms: - - i386, x86_64, ARM, PPC, PPC64, IA64 - -The code was run-tested on the following platforms: - - i386(UP/SMP), x86_64(UP/SMP), ARM, PPC - -hrtimers were also integrated into the -rt tree, along with a -hrtimers-based high-resolution clock implementation, so the hrtimers -code got a healthy amount of testing and use in practice. - - Thomas Gleixner, Ingo Molnar |