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diff --git a/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt b/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..8d68fff71839 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt @@ -0,0 +1,577 @@ +MORE NOTES ON HD-AUDIO DRIVER +============================= + Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> + + +GENERAL +------- + +HD-audio is the new standard on-board audio component on modern PCs +after AC97. Although Linux has been supporting HD-audio since long +time ago, there are often problems with new machines. A part of the +problem is broken BIOS, and the rest is the driver implementation. +This document explains the brief trouble-shooting and debugging +methods for the HD-audio hardware. + +The HD-audio component consists of two parts: the controller chip and +the codec chips on the HD-audio bus. Linux provides a single driver +for all controllers, snd-hda-intel. Although the driver name contains +a word of a well-known harware vendor, it's not specific to it but for +all controller chips by other companies. Since the HD-audio +controllers are supposed to be compatible, the single snd-hda-driver +should work in most cases. But, not surprisingly, there are known +bugs and issues specific to each controller type. The snd-hda-intel +driver has a bunch of workarounds for these as described below. + +A controller may have multiple codecs. Usually you have one audio +codec and optionally one modem codec. In theory, there might be +multiple audio codecs, e.g. for analog and digital outputs, and the +driver might not work properly because of conflict of mixer elements. +This should be fixed in future if such hardware really exists. + +The snd-hda-intel driver has several different codec parsers depending +on the codec. It has a generic parser as a fallback, but this +functionality is fairly limited until now. Instead of the generic +parser, usually the codec-specific parser (coded in patch_*.c) is used +for the codec-specific implementations. The details about the +codec-specific problems are explained in the later sections. + +If you are interested in the deep debugging of HD-audio, read the +HD-audio specification at first. The specification is found on +Intel's web page, for example: + +- http://www.intel.com/standards/hdaudio/ + + +HD-AUDIO CONTROLLER +------------------- + +DMA-Position Problem +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The most common problem of the controller is the inaccurate DMA +pointer reporting. The DMA pointer for playback and capture can be +read in two ways, either via a LPIB register or via a position-buffer +map. As default the driver tries to read from the io-mapped +position-buffer, and falls back to LPIB if the position-buffer appears +dead. However, this detection isn't perfect on some devices. In such +a case, you can change the default method via `position_fix` option. + +`position_fix=1` means to use LPIB method explicitly. +`position_fix=2` means to use the position-buffer. 0 is the default +value, the automatic check and fallback to LPIB as described in the +above. If you get a problem of repeated sounds, this option might +help. + +In addition to that, every controller is known to be broken regarding +the wake-up timing. It wakes up a few samples before actually +processing the data on the buffer. This caused a lot of problems, for +example, with ALSA dmix or JACK. Since 2.6.27 kernel, the driver puts +an artificial delay to the wake up timing. This delay is controlled +via `bdl_pos_adj` option. + +When `bdl_pos_adj` is a negative value (as default), it's assigned to +an appropriate value depending on the controller chip. For Intel +chips, it'd be 1 while it'd be 32 for others. Usually this works. +Only in case it doesn't work and you get warning messages, you should +change this parameter to other values. + + +Codec-Probing Problem +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +A less often but a more severe problem is the codec probing. When +BIOS reports the available codec slots wrongly, the driver gets +confused and tries to access the non-existing codec slot. This often +results in the total screw-up, and destructs the further communication +with the codec chips. The symptom appears usually as error messages +like: +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + hda_intel: azx_get_response timeout, switching to polling mode: + last cmd=0x12345678 + hda_intel: azx_get_response timeout, switching to single_cmd mode: + last cmd=0x12345678 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +The first line is a warning, and this is usually relatively harmless. +It means that the codec response isn't notified via an IRQ. The +driver uses explicit polling method to read the response. It gives +very slight CPU overhead, but you'd unlikely notice it. + +The second line is, however, a fatal error. If this happens, usually +it means that something is really wrong. Most likely you are +accessing a non-existing codec slot. + +Thus, if the second error message appears, try to narrow the probed +codec slots via `probe_mask` option. It's a bitmask, and each bit +corresponds to the codec slot. For example, to probe only the first +slot, pass `probe_mask=1`. For the first and the third slots, pass +`probe_mask=5` (where 5 = 1 | 4), and so on. + +Since 2.6.29 kernel, the driver has a more robust probing method, so +this error might happen rarely, though. + + +Interrupt Handling +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +In rare but some cases, the interrupt isn't properly handled as +default. You would notice this by the DMA transfer error reported by +ALSA PCM core, for example. Using MSI might help in such a case. +Pass `enable_msi=1` option for enabling MSI. + + +HD-AUDIO CODEC +-------------- + +Model Option +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The most common problem regarding the HD-audio driver is the +unsupported codec features or the mismatched device configuration. +Most of codec-specific code has several preset models, either to +override the BIOS setup or to provide more comprehensive features. + +The driver checks PCI SSID and looks through the static configuration +table until any matching entry is found. If you have a new machine, +you may see a message like below: +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + hda_codec: Unknown model for ALC880, trying auto-probe from BIOS... +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +Even if you see such a message, DON'T PANIC. Take a deep breath and +keep your towel. First of all, it's an informational message, no +warning, no error. This means that the PCI SSID of your device isn't +listed in the known preset model (white-)list. But, this doesn't mean +that the driver is broken. Many codec-drivers provide the automatic +configuration mechanism based on the BIOS setup. + +The HD-audio codec has usually "pin" widgets, and BIOS sets the default +configuration of each pin, which indicates the location, the +connection type, the jack color, etc. The HD-audio driver can guess +the right connection judging from these default configuration values. +However -- some codec-support codes, such as patch_analog.c, don't +support the automatic probing (yet as of 2.6.28). And, BIOS is often, +yes, pretty often broken. It sets up wrong values and screws up the +driver. + +The preset model is provided basically to overcome such a situation. +When the matching preset model is found in the white-list, the driver +assumes the static configuration of that preset and builds the mixer +elements and PCM streams based on the static information. Thus, if +you have a newer machine with a slightly different PCI SSID from the +existing one, you may have a good chance to re-use the same model. +You can pass the `model` option to specify the preset model instead of +PCI SSID look-up. + +What `model` option values are available depends on the codec chip. +Check your codec chip from the codec proc file (see "Codec Proc-File" +section below). It will show the vendor/product name of your codec +chip. Then, see Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio-Modelstxt file, +the section of HD-audio driver. You can find a list of codecs +and `model` options belonging to each codec. For example, for Realtek +ALC262 codec chip, pass `model=ultra` for devices that are compatible +with Samsung Q1 Ultra. + +Thus, the first thing you can do for any brand-new, unsupported and +non-working HD-audio hardware is to check HD-audio codec and several +different `model` option values. If you have a luck, some of them +might suit with your device well. + +Some codecs such as ALC880 have a special model option `model=test`. +This configures the driver to provide as many mixer controls as +possible for every single pin feature except for the unsolicited +events (and maybe some other specials). Adjust each mixer element and +try the I/O in the way of trial-and-error until figuring out the whole +I/O pin mappings. + +Note that `model=generic` has a special meaning. It means to use the +generic parser regardless of the codec. Usually the codec-specific +parser is much better than the generic parser (as now). Thus this +option is more about the debugging purpose. + + +Speaker and Headphone Output +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +One of the most frequent (and obvious) bugs with HD-audio is the +silent output from either or both of a built-in speaker and a +headphone jack. In general, you should try a headphone output at +first. A speaker output often requires more additional controls like +the external amplifier bits. Thus a headphone output has a slightly +better chance. + +Before making a bug report, double-check whether the mixer is set up +correctly. The recent version of snd-hda-intel driver provides mostly +"Master" volume control as well as "Front" volume (where Front +indicates the front-channels). In addition, there can be individual +"Headphone" and "Speaker" controls. + +Ditto for the speaker output. There can be "External Amplifier" +switch on some codecs. Turn on this if present. + +Another related problem is the automatic mute of speaker output by +headphone plugging. This feature is implemented in most cases, but +not on every preset model or codec-support code. + +In anyway, try a different model option if you have such a problem. +Some other models may match better and give you more matching +functionality. If none of the available models works, send a bug +report. See the bug report section for details. + +If you are masochistic enough to debug the driver problem, note the +following: + +- The speaker (and the headphone, too) output often requires the + external amplifier. This can be set usually via EAPD verb or a + certain GPIO. If the codec pin supports EAPD, you have a better + chance via SET_EAPD_BTL verb (0x70c). On others, GPIO pin (mostly + it's either GPIO0 or GPIO1) may turn on/off EAPD. +- Some Realtek codecs require special vendor-specific coefficients to + turn on the amplifier. See patch_realtek.c. +- IDT codecs may have extra power-enable/disable controls on each + analog pin. See patch_sigmatel.c. +- Very rare but some devices don't accept the pin-detection verb until + triggered. Issuing GET_PIN_SENSE verb (0xf09) may result in the + codec-communication stall. Some examples are found in + patch_realtek.c. + + +Capture Problems +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The capture problems are often because of missing setups of mixers. +Thus, before submitting a bug report, make sure that you set up the +mixer correctly. For example, both "Capture Volume" and "Capture +Switch" have to be set properly in addition to the right "Capture +Source" or "Input Source" selection. Some devices have "Mic Boost" +volume or switch. + +When the PCM device is opened via "default" PCM (without pulse-audio +plugin), you'll likely have "Digital Capture Volume" control as well. +This is provided for the extra gain/attenuation of the signal in +software, especially for the inputs without the hardware volume +control such as digital microphones. Unless really needed, this +should be set to exactly 50%, corresponding to 0dB -- neither extra +gain nor attenuation. When you use "hw" PCM, i.e., a raw access PCM, +this control will have no influence, though. + +It's known that some codecs / devices have fairly bad analog circuits, +and the recorded sound contains a certain DC-offset. This is no bug +of the driver. + +Most of modern laptops have no analog CD-input connection. Thus, the +recording from CD input won't work in many cases although the driver +provides it as the capture source. Use CDDA instead. + +The automatic switching of the built-in and external mic per plugging +is implemented on some codec models but not on every model. Partly +because of my laziness but mostly lack of testers. Feel free to +submit the improvement patch to the author. + + +Direct Debugging +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +If no model option gives you a better result, and you are a tough guy +to fight against evil, try debugging via hitting the raw HD-audio +codec verbs to the device. Some tools are available: hda-emu and +hda-analyzer. The detailed description is found in the sections +below. You'd need to enable hwdep for using these tools. See "Kernel +Configuration" section. + + +OTHER ISSUES +------------ + +Kernel Configuration +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +In general, I recommend you to enable the sound debug option, +`CONFIG_SND_DEBUG=y`, no matter whether you are debugging or not. +This enables snd_printd() macro and others, and you'll get additional +kernel messages at probing. + +In addition, you can enable `CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_VERBOSE=y`. But this +will give you far more messages. Thus turn this on only when you are +sure to want it. + +Don't forget to turn on the appropriate `CONFIG_SND_HDA_CODEC_*` +options. Note that each of them corresponds to the codec chip, not +the controller chip. Thus, even if lspci shows the Nvidia controller, +you may need to choose the option for other vendors. If you are +unsure, just select all yes. + +`CONFIG_SND_HDA_HWDEP` is a useful option for debugging the driver. +When this is enabled, the driver creates hardware-dependent devices +(one per each codec), and you have a raw access to the device via +these device files. For example, `hwC0D2` will be created for the +codec slot #2 of the first card (#0). For debug-tools such as +hda-verb and hda-analyzer, the hwdep device has to be enabled. +Thus, it'd be better to turn this on always. + +`CONFIG_SND_HDA_RECONFIG` is a new option, and this depends on the +hwdep option above. When enabled, you'll have some sysfs files under +the corresponding hwdep directory. See "HD-audio reconfiguration" +section below. + +`CONFIG_SND_HDA_POWER_SAVE` option enables the power-saving feature. +See "Power-saving" section below. + + +Codec Proc-File +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The codec proc-file is a treasure-chest for debugging HD-audio. +It shows most of useful information of each codec widget. + +The proc file is located in /proc/asound/card*/codec#*, one file per +each codec slot. You can know the codec vendor, product id and +names, the type of each widget, capabilities and so on. +This file, however, doesn't show the jack sensing state, so far. This +is because the jack-sensing might be depending on the trigger state. + +This file will be picked up by the debug tools, and also it can be fed +to the emulator as the primary codec information. See the debug tools +section below. + +This proc file can be also used to check whether the generic parser is +used. When the generic parser is used, the vendor/product ID name +will appear as "Realtek ID 0262", instead of "Realtek ALC262". + + +HD-Audio Reconfiguration +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +This is an experimental feature to allow you re-configure the HD-audio +codec dynamically without reloading the driver. The following sysfs +files are available under each codec-hwdep device directory (e.g. +/sys/class/sound/hwC0D0): + +vendor_id:: + Shows the 32bit codec vendor-id hex number. You can change the + vendor-id value by writing to this file. +subsystem_id:: + Shows the 32bit codec subsystem-id hex number. You can change the + subsystem-id value by writing to this file. +revision_id:: + Shows the 32bit codec revision-id hex number. You can change the + revision-id value by writing to this file. +afg:: + Shows the AFG ID. This is read-only. +mfg:: + Shows the MFG ID. This is read-only. +name:: + Shows the codec name string. Can be changed by writing to this + file. +modelname:: + Shows the currently set `model` option. Can be changed by writing + to this file. +init_verbs:: + The extra verbs to execute at initialization. You can add a verb by + writing to this file. Pass tree numbers, nid, verb and parameter. +hints:: + Shows hint strings for codec parsers for any use. Right now it's + not used. +reconfig:: + Triggers the codec re-configuration. When any value is written to + this file, the driver re-initialize and parses the codec tree + again. All the changes done by the sysfs entries above are taken + into account. +clear:: + Resets the codec, removes the mixer elements and PCM stuff of the + specified codec, and clear all init verbs and hints. + + +Power-Saving +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The power-saving is a kind of auto-suspend of the device. When the +device is inactive for a certain time, the device is automatically +turned off to save the power. The time to go down is specified via +`power_save` module option, and this option can be changed dynamically +via sysfs. + +The power-saving won't work when the analog loopback is enabled on +some codecs. Make sure that you mute all unneeded signal routes when +you want the power-saving. + +The power-saving feature might cause audible click noises at each +power-down/up depending on the device. Some of them might be +solvable, but some are hard, I'm afraid. Some distros such as +openSUSE enables the power-saving feature automatically when the power +cable is unplugged. Thus, if you hear noises, suspect first the +power-saving. See /sys/module/snd_hda_intel/parameters/power_save to +check the current value. If it's non-zero, the feature is turned on. + + +Development Tree +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The latest development codes for HD-audio are found on sound git tree: + +- git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/sound-2.6.git + +The master branch or for-next branches can be used as the main +development branches in general while the HD-audio specific patches +are committed in topic/hda branch. + +If you are using the latest Linus tree, it'd be better to pull the +above GIT tree onto it. If you are using the older kernels, an easy +way to try the latest ALSA code is to build from the snapshot +tarball. There are daily tarballs and the latest snapshot tarball. +All can be built just like normal alsa-driver release packages, that +is, installed via the usual spells: configure, make and make +install(-modules). See INSTALL in the package. The snapshot tarballs +are found at: + +- ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tiwai/snapshot/ + + +Sending a Bug Report +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +If any model or module options don't work for your device, it's time +to send a bug report to the developers. Give the following in your +bug report: + +- Hardware vendor, product and model names +- Kernel version (and ALSA-driver version if you built externally) +- `alsa-info.sh` output; run with `--no-upload` option. See the + section below about alsa-info + +If it's a regression, at best, send alsa-info outputs of both working +and non-working kernels. This is really helpful because we can +compare the codec registers directly. + +Send a bug report either the followings: + +kernel-bugzilla:: + http://bugme.linux-foundation.org/ +alsa-devel ML:: + alsa-devel@alsa-project.org + + +DEBUG TOOLS +----------- + +This section describes some tools available for debugging HD-audio +problems. + +alsa-info +~~~~~~~~~ +The script `alsa-info.sh` is a very useful tool to gather the audio +device information. You can fetch the latest version from: + +- http://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-info.sh + +Run this script as root, and it will gather the important information +such as the module lists, module parameters, proc file contents +including the codec proc files, mixer outputs and the control +elements. As default, it will store the information onto a web server +on alsa-project.org. But, if you send a bug report, it'd be better to +run with `--no-upload` option, and attach the generated file. + +There are some other useful options. See `--help` option output for +details. + + +hda-verb +~~~~~~~~ +hda-verb is a tiny program that allows you to access the HD-audio +codec directly. You can execute a raw HD-audio codec verb with this. +This program accesses the hwdep device, thus you need to enable the +kernel config `CONFIG_SND_HDA_HWDEP=y` beforehand. + +The hda-verb program takes four arguments: the hwdep device file, the +widget NID, the verb and the parameter. When you access to the codec +on the slot 2 of the card 0, pass /dev/snd/hwC0D2 to the first +argument, typically. (However, the real path name depends on the +system.) + +The second parameter is the widget number-id to access. The third +parameter can be either a hex/digit number or a string corresponding +to a verb. Similarly, the last parameter is the value to write, or +can be a string for the parameter type. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + % hda-verb /dev/snd/hwC0D0 0x12 0x701 2 + nid = 0x12, verb = 0x701, param = 0x2 + value = 0x0 + + % hda-verb /dev/snd/hwC0D0 0x0 PARAMETERS VENDOR_ID + nid = 0x0, verb = 0xf00, param = 0x0 + value = 0x10ec0262 + + % hda-verb /dev/snd/hwC0D0 2 set_a 0xb080 + nid = 0x2, verb = 0x300, param = 0xb080 + value = 0x0 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Although you can issue any verbs with this program, the driver state +won't be always updated. For example, the volume values are usually +cached in the driver, and thus changing the widget amp value directly +via hda-verb won't change the mixer value. + +The hda-verb program is found in the ftp directory: + +- ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tiwai/misc/ + +Also a git repository is available: + +- git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/hda-verb.git + +See README file in the tarball for more details about hda-verb +program. + + +hda-analyzer +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +hda-analyzer provides a graphical interface to access the raw HD-audio +control, based on pyGTK2 binding. It's a more powerful version of +hda-verb. The program gives you an easy-to-use GUI stuff for showing +the widget information and adjusting the amp values, as well as the +proc-compatible output. + +The hda-analyzer is a part of alsa.git repository in +alsa-project.org: + +- http://git.alsa-project.org/?p=alsa.git;a=tree;f=hda-analyzer + + +Codecgraph +~~~~~~~~~~ +Codecgraph is a utility program to generate a graph and visualizes the +codec-node connection of a codec chip. It's especially useful when +you analyze or debug a codec without a proper datasheet. The program +parses the given codec proc file and converts to SVG via graphiz +program. + +The tarball and GIT trees are found in the web page at: + +- http://helllabs.org/codecgraph/ + + +hda-emu +~~~~~~~ +hda-emu is an HD-audio emulator. The main purpose of this program is +to debug an HD-audio codec without the real hardware. Thus, it +doesn't emulate the behavior with the real audio I/O, but it just +dumps the codec register changes and the ALSA-driver internal changes +at probing and operating the HD-audio driver. + +The program requires a codec proc-file to simulate. Get a proc file +for the target codec beforehand, or pick up an example codec from the +codec proc collections in the tarball. Then, run the program with the +proc file, and the hda-emu program will start parsing the codec file +and simulates the HD-audio driver: + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + % hda-emu codecs/stac9200-dell-d820-laptop + # Parsing.. + hda_codec: Unknown model for STAC9200, using BIOS defaults + hda_codec: pin nid 08 bios pin config 40c003fa + .... +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +The program gives you only a very dumb command-line interface. You +can get a proc-file dump at the current state, get a list of control +(mixer) elements, set/get the control element value, simulate the PCM +operation, the jack plugging simulation, etc. + +The package is found in: + +- ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tiwai/misc/ + +A git repository is available: + +- git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/hda-emu.git + +See README file in the tarball for more details about hda-emu +program. |