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diff --git a/Documentation/userspace-api/iommufd.rst b/Documentation/userspace-api/iommufd.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..79dd9eb51587 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/userspace-api/iommufd.rst @@ -0,0 +1,223 @@ +.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ + +======= +IOMMUFD +======= + +:Author: Jason Gunthorpe +:Author: Kevin Tian + +Overview +======== + +IOMMUFD is the user API to control the IOMMU subsystem as it relates to managing +IO page tables from userspace using file descriptors. It intends to be general +and consumable by any driver that wants to expose DMA to userspace. These +drivers are eventually expected to deprecate any internal IOMMU logic +they may already/historically implement (e.g. vfio_iommu_type1.c). + +At minimum iommufd provides universal support of managing I/O address spaces and +I/O page tables for all IOMMUs, with room in the design to add non-generic +features to cater to specific hardware functionality. + +In this context the capital letter (IOMMUFD) refers to the subsystem while the +small letter (iommufd) refers to the file descriptors created via /dev/iommu for +use by userspace. + +Key Concepts +============ + +User Visible Objects +-------------------- + +Following IOMMUFD objects are exposed to userspace: + +- IOMMUFD_OBJ_IOAS, representing an I/O address space (IOAS), allowing map/unmap + of user space memory into ranges of I/O Virtual Address (IOVA). + + The IOAS is a functional replacement for the VFIO container, and like the VFIO + container it copies an IOVA map to a list of iommu_domains held within it. + +- IOMMUFD_OBJ_DEVICE, representing a device that is bound to iommufd by an + external driver. + +- IOMMUFD_OBJ_HW_PAGETABLE, representing an actual hardware I/O page table + (i.e. a single struct iommu_domain) managed by the iommu driver. + + The IOAS has a list of HW_PAGETABLES that share the same IOVA mapping and + it will synchronize its mapping with each member HW_PAGETABLE. + +All user-visible objects are destroyed via the IOMMU_DESTROY uAPI. + +The diagram below shows relationship between user-visible objects and kernel +datastructures (external to iommufd), with numbers referred to operations +creating the objects and links:: + + _________________________________________________________ + | iommufd | + | [1] | + | _________________ | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | [3] [2] | + | | | ____________ __________ | + | | IOAS |<--| |<------| | | + | | | |HW_PAGETABLE| | DEVICE | | + | | | |____________| |__________| | + | | | | | | + | | | | | | + | | | | | | + | | | | | | + | | | | | | + | |_________________| | | | + | | | | | + |_________|___________________|___________________|_______| + | | | + | _____v______ _______v_____ + | PFN storage | | | | + |------------>|iommu_domain| |struct device| + |____________| |_____________| + +1. IOMMUFD_OBJ_IOAS is created via the IOMMU_IOAS_ALLOC uAPI. An iommufd can + hold multiple IOAS objects. IOAS is the most generic object and does not + expose interfaces that are specific to single IOMMU drivers. All operations + on the IOAS must operate equally on each of the iommu_domains inside of it. + +2. IOMMUFD_OBJ_DEVICE is created when an external driver calls the IOMMUFD kAPI + to bind a device to an iommufd. The driver is expected to implement a set of + ioctls to allow userspace to initiate the binding operation. Successful + completion of this operation establishes the desired DMA ownership over the + device. The driver must also set the driver_managed_dma flag and must not + touch the device until this operation succeeds. + +3. IOMMUFD_OBJ_HW_PAGETABLE is created when an external driver calls the IOMMUFD + kAPI to attach a bound device to an IOAS. Similarly the external driver uAPI + allows userspace to initiate the attaching operation. If a compatible + pagetable already exists then it is reused for the attachment. Otherwise a + new pagetable object and iommu_domain is created. Successful completion of + this operation sets up the linkages among IOAS, device and iommu_domain. Once + this completes the device could do DMA. + + Every iommu_domain inside the IOAS is also represented to userspace as a + HW_PAGETABLE object. + + .. note:: + + Future IOMMUFD updates will provide an API to create and manipulate the + HW_PAGETABLE directly. + +A device can only bind to an iommufd due to DMA ownership claim and attach to at +most one IOAS object (no support of PASID yet). + +Kernel Datastructure +-------------------- + +User visible objects are backed by following datastructures: + +- iommufd_ioas for IOMMUFD_OBJ_IOAS. +- iommufd_device for IOMMUFD_OBJ_DEVICE. +- iommufd_hw_pagetable for IOMMUFD_OBJ_HW_PAGETABLE. + +Several terminologies when looking at these datastructures: + +- Automatic domain - refers to an iommu domain created automatically when + attaching a device to an IOAS object. This is compatible to the semantics of + VFIO type1. + +- Manual domain - refers to an iommu domain designated by the user as the + target pagetable to be attached to by a device. Though currently there are + no uAPIs to directly create such domain, the datastructure and algorithms + are ready for handling that use case. + +- In-kernel user - refers to something like a VFIO mdev that is using the + IOMMUFD access interface to access the IOAS. This starts by creating an + iommufd_access object that is similar to the domain binding a physical device + would do. The access object will then allow converting IOVA ranges into struct + page * lists, or doing direct read/write to an IOVA. + +iommufd_ioas serves as the metadata datastructure to manage how IOVA ranges are +mapped to memory pages, composed of: + +- struct io_pagetable holding the IOVA map +- struct iopt_area's representing populated portions of IOVA +- struct iopt_pages representing the storage of PFNs +- struct iommu_domain representing the IO page table in the IOMMU +- struct iopt_pages_access representing in-kernel users of PFNs +- struct xarray pinned_pfns holding a list of pages pinned by in-kernel users + +Each iopt_pages represents a logical linear array of full PFNs. The PFNs are +ultimately derived from userspace VAs via an mm_struct. Once they have been +pinned the PFNs are stored in IOPTEs of an iommu_domain or inside the pinned_pfns +xarray if they have been pinned through an iommufd_access. + +PFN have to be copied between all combinations of storage locations, depending +on what domains are present and what kinds of in-kernel "software access" users +exist. The mechanism ensures that a page is pinned only once. + +An io_pagetable is composed of iopt_areas pointing at iopt_pages, along with a +list of iommu_domains that mirror the IOVA to PFN map. + +Multiple io_pagetable-s, through their iopt_area-s, can share a single +iopt_pages which avoids multi-pinning and double accounting of page +consumption. + +iommufd_ioas is sharable between subsystems, e.g. VFIO and VDPA, as long as +devices managed by different subsystems are bound to a same iommufd. + +IOMMUFD User API +================ + +.. kernel-doc:: include/uapi/linux/iommufd.h + +IOMMUFD Kernel API +================== + +The IOMMUFD kAPI is device-centric with group-related tricks managed behind the +scene. This allows the external drivers calling such kAPI to implement a simple +device-centric uAPI for connecting its device to an iommufd, instead of +explicitly imposing the group semantics in its uAPI as VFIO does. + +.. kernel-doc:: drivers/iommu/iommufd/device.c + :export: + +.. kernel-doc:: drivers/iommu/iommufd/main.c + :export: + +VFIO and IOMMUFD +---------------- + +Connecting a VFIO device to iommufd can be done in two ways. + +First is a VFIO compatible way by directly implementing the /dev/vfio/vfio +container IOCTLs by mapping them into io_pagetable operations. Doing so allows +the use of iommufd in legacy VFIO applications by symlinking /dev/vfio/vfio to +/dev/iommufd or extending VFIO to SET_CONTAINER using an iommufd instead of a +container fd. + +The second approach directly extends VFIO to support a new set of device-centric +user API based on aforementioned IOMMUFD kernel API. It requires userspace +change but better matches the IOMMUFD API semantics and easier to support new +iommufd features when comparing it to the first approach. + +Currently both approaches are still work-in-progress. + +There are still a few gaps to be resolved to catch up with VFIO type1, as +documented in iommufd_vfio_check_extension(). + +Future TODOs +============ + +Currently IOMMUFD supports only kernel-managed I/O page table, similar to VFIO +type1. New features on the radar include: + + - Binding iommu_domain's to PASID/SSID + - Userspace page tables, for ARM, x86 and S390 + - Kernel bypass'd invalidation of user page tables + - Re-use of the KVM page table in the IOMMU + - Dirty page tracking in the IOMMU + - Runtime Increase/Decrease of IOPTE size + - PRI support with faults resolved in userspace |