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* Merge tag 'x86_urgent_for_v5.13_rc2' of ↵Linus Torvalds2021-05-1625-105/+116
|\ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull x86 fixes from Borislav Petkov: "The three SEV commits are not really urgent material. But we figured since getting them in now will avoid a huge amount of conflicts between future SEV changes touching tip, the kvm and probably other trees, sending them to you now would be best. The idea is that the tip, kvm etc branches for 5.14 will all base ontop of -rc2 and thus everything will be peachy. What is more, those changes are purely mechanical and defines movement so they should be fine to go now (famous last words). Summary: - Enable -Wundef for the compressed kernel build stage - Reorganize SEV code to streamline and simplify future development" * tag 'x86_urgent_for_v5.13_rc2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: x86/boot/compressed: Enable -Wundef x86/msr: Rename MSR_K8_SYSCFG to MSR_AMD64_SYSCFG x86/sev: Move GHCB MSR protocol and NAE definitions in a common header x86/sev-es: Rename sev-es.{ch} to sev.{ch}
| * x86/boot/compressed: Enable -WundefNick Desaulniers2021-05-123-2/+3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A discussion around -Wundef showed that there were still a few boolean Kconfigs where #if was used rather than #ifdef to guard different code. Kconfig doesn't define boolean configs, which can result in -Wundef warnings. arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile resets the CFLAGS used for this directory, and doesn't re-enable -Wundef as the top level Makefile does. If re-added, with RANDOMIZE_BASE and X86_NEED_RELOCS disabled, the following warnings are visible. arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h:82:5: warning: 'CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE' is not defined, evaluates to 0 [-Wundef] ^ arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.c:175:5: warning: 'CONFIG_X86_NEED_RELOCS' is not defined, evaluates to 0 [-Wundef] ^ Simply fix these and re-enable this warning for this directory. Suggested-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org> Suggested-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Signed-off-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210422190450.3903999-1-ndesaulniers@google.com
| * x86/msr: Rename MSR_K8_SYSCFG to MSR_AMD64_SYSCFGBrijesh Singh2021-05-1010-18/+18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The SYSCFG MSR continued being updated beyond the K8 family; drop the K8 name from it. Suggested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Signed-off-by: Brijesh Singh <brijesh.singh@amd.com> Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de> Acked-by: Joerg Roedel <jroedel@suse.de> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210427111636.1207-4-brijesh.singh@amd.com
| * x86/sev: Move GHCB MSR protocol and NAE definitions in a common headerBrijesh Singh2021-05-104-70/+80
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The guest and the hypervisor contain separate macros to get and set the GHCB MSR protocol and NAE event fields. Consolidate the GHCB protocol definitions and helper macros in one place. Leave the supported protocol version define in separate files to keep the guest and hypervisor flexibility to support different GHCB version in the same release. There is no functional change intended. Signed-off-by: Brijesh Singh <brijesh.singh@amd.com> Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de> Acked-by: Joerg Roedel <jroedel@suse.de> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210427111636.1207-3-brijesh.singh@amd.com
| * x86/sev-es: Rename sev-es.{ch} to sev.{ch}Brijesh Singh2021-05-1011-15/+15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SEV-SNP builds upon the SEV-ES functionality while adding new hardware protection. Version 2 of the GHCB specification adds new NAE events that are SEV-SNP specific. Rename the sev-es.{ch} to sev.{ch} so that all SEV* functionality can be consolidated in one place. Signed-off-by: Brijesh Singh <brijesh.singh@amd.com> Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de> Acked-by: Joerg Roedel <jroedel@suse.de> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210427111636.1207-2-brijesh.singh@amd.com
* | x86, sched: Fix the AMD CPPC maximum performance value on certain AMD Ryzen ↵Huang Rui2021-05-133-1/+19
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | generations Some AMD Ryzen generations has different calculation method on maximum performance. 255 is not for all ASICs, some specific generations should use 166 as the maximum performance. Otherwise, it will report incorrect frequency value like below: ~ → lscpu | grep MHz CPU MHz: 3400.000 CPU max MHz: 7228.3198 CPU min MHz: 2200.0000 [ mingo: Tidied up whitespace use. ] [ Alexander Monakov <amonakov@ispras.ru>: fix 225 -> 255 typo. ] Fixes: 41ea667227ba ("x86, sched: Calculate frequency invariance for AMD systems") Fixes: 3c55e94c0ade ("cpufreq: ACPI: Extend frequency tables to cover boost frequencies") Reported-by: Jason Bagavatsingham <jason.bagavatsingham@gmail.com> Fixed-by: Alexander Monakov <amonakov@ispras.ru> Reviewed-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Huang Rui <ray.huang@amd.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Tested-by: Jason Bagavatsingham <jason.bagavatsingham@gmail.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210425073451.2557394-1-ray.huang@amd.com Bugzilla: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=211791 Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
* | Merge tag 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/virt/kvm/kvmLinus Torvalds2021-05-1020-316/+463
|\ \ | |/ |/| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pull kvm fixes from Paolo Bonzini: - Lots of bug fixes. - Fix virtualization of RDPID - Virtualization of DR6_BUS_LOCK, which on bare metal is new to this release - More nested virtualization migration fixes (nSVM and eVMCS) - Fix for KVM guest hibernation - Fix for warning in SEV-ES SRCU usage - Block KVM from loading on AMD machines with 5-level page tables, due to the APM not mentioning how host CR4.LA57 exactly impacts the guest. * tag 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/virt/kvm/kvm: (48 commits) KVM: SVM: Move GHCB unmapping to fix RCU warning KVM: SVM: Invert user pointer casting in SEV {en,de}crypt helpers kvm: Cap halt polling at kvm->max_halt_poll_ns tools/kvm_stat: Fix documentation typo KVM: x86: Prevent deadlock against tk_core.seq KVM: x86: Cancel pvclock_gtod_work on module removal KVM: x86: Prevent KVM SVM from loading on kernels with 5-level paging KVM: X86: Expose bus lock debug exception to guest KVM: X86: Add support for the emulation of DR6_BUS_LOCK bit KVM: PPC: Book3S HV: Fix conversion to gfn-based MMU notifier callbacks KVM: x86: Hide RDTSCP and RDPID if MSR_TSC_AUX probing failed KVM: x86: Tie Intel and AMD behavior for MSR_TSC_AUX to guest CPU model KVM: x86: Move uret MSR slot management to common x86 KVM: x86: Export the number of uret MSRs to vendor modules KVM: VMX: Disable loading of TSX_CTRL MSR the more conventional way KVM: VMX: Use common x86's uret MSR list as the one true list KVM: VMX: Use flag to indicate "active" uret MSRs instead of sorting list KVM: VMX: Configure list of user return MSRs at module init KVM: x86: Add support for RDPID without RDTSCP KVM: SVM: Probe and load MSR_TSC_AUX regardless of RDTSCP support in host ...
| * KVM: SVM: Move GHCB unmapping to fix RCU warningTom Lendacky2021-05-073-4/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | When an SEV-ES guest is running, the GHCB is unmapped as part of the vCPU run support. However, kvm_vcpu_unmap() triggers an RCU dereference warning with CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING=y because the SRCU lock is released before invoking the vCPU run support. Move the GHCB unmapping into the prepare_guest_switch callback, which is invoked while still holding the SRCU lock, eliminating the RCU dereference warning. Fixes: 291bd20d5d88 ("KVM: SVM: Add initial support for a VMGEXIT VMEXIT") Reported-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Signed-off-by: Tom Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com> Message-Id: <b2f9b79d15166f2c3e4375c0d9bc3268b7696455.1620332081.git.thomas.lendacky@amd.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: SVM: Invert user pointer casting in SEV {en,de}crypt helpersSean Christopherson2021-05-071-13/+11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Invert the user pointer params for SEV's helpers for encrypting and decrypting guest memory so that they take a pointer and cast to an unsigned long as necessary, as opposed to doing the opposite. Tagging a non-pointer as __user is confusing and weird since a cast of some form needs to occur to actually access the user data. This also fixes Sparse warnings triggered by directly consuming the unsigned longs, which are "noderef" due to the __user tag. Cc: Brijesh Singh <brijesh.singh@amd.com> Cc: Tom Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com> Cc: Ashish Kalra <ashish.kalra@amd.com> Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210506231542.2331138-1-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Prevent deadlock against tk_core.seqThomas Gleixner2021-05-071-4/+18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | syzbot reported a possible deadlock in pvclock_gtod_notify(): CPU 0 CPU 1 write_seqcount_begin(&tk_core.seq); pvclock_gtod_notify() spin_lock(&pool->lock); queue_work(..., &pvclock_gtod_work) ktime_get() spin_lock(&pool->lock); do { seq = read_seqcount_begin(tk_core.seq) ... } while (read_seqcount_retry(&tk_core.seq, seq); While this is unlikely to happen, it's possible. Delegate queue_work() to irq_work() which postpones it until the tk_core.seq write held region is left and interrupts are reenabled. Fixes: 16e8d74d2da9 ("KVM: x86: notifier for clocksource changes") Reported-by: syzbot+6beae4000559d41d80f8@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Message-Id: <87h7jgm1zy.ffs@nanos.tec.linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Cancel pvclock_gtod_work on module removalThomas Gleixner2021-05-071-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nothing prevents the following: pvclock_gtod_notify() queue_work(system_long_wq, &pvclock_gtod_work); ... remove_module(kvm); ... work_queue_run() pvclock_gtod_work() <- UAF Ditto for any other operation on that workqueue list head which touches pvclock_gtod_work after module removal. Cancel the work in kvm_arch_exit() to prevent that. Fixes: 16e8d74d2da9 ("KVM: x86: notifier for clocksource changes") Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Message-Id: <87czu4onry.ffs@nanos.tec.linutronix.de> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Prevent KVM SVM from loading on kernels with 5-level pagingSean Christopherson2021-05-073-11/+16
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Disallow loading KVM SVM if 5-level paging is supported. In theory, NPT for L1 should simply work, but there unknowns with respect to how the guest's MAXPHYADDR will be handled by hardware. Nested NPT is more problematic, as running an L1 VMM that is using 2-level page tables requires stacking single-entry PDP and PML4 tables in KVM's NPT for L2, as there are no equivalent entries in L1's NPT to shadow. Barring hardware magic, for 5-level paging, KVM would need stack another layer to handle PML5. Opportunistically rename the lm_root pointer, which is used for the aforementioned stacking when shadowing 2-level L1 NPT, to pml4_root to call out that it's specifically for PML4. Suggested-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210505204221.1934471-1-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: X86: Expose bus lock debug exception to guestPaolo Bonzini2021-05-073-1/+7
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bus lock debug exception is an ability to notify the kernel by an #DB trap after the instruction acquires a bus lock and is executed when CPL>0. This allows the kernel to enforce user application throttling or mitigations. Existence of bus lock debug exception is enumerated via CPUID.(EAX=7,ECX=0).ECX[24]. Software can enable these exceptions by setting bit 2 of the MSR_IA32_DEBUGCTL. Expose the CPUID to guest and emulate the MSR handling when guest enables it. Support for this feature was originally developed by Xiaoyao Li and Chenyi Qiang, but code has since changed enough that this patch has nothing in common with theirs, except for this commit message. Co-developed-by: Xiaoyao Li <xiaoyao.li@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Xiaoyao Li <xiaoyao.li@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Chenyi Qiang <chenyi.qiang@intel.com> Message-Id: <20210202090433.13441-4-chenyi.qiang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: X86: Add support for the emulation of DR6_BUS_LOCK bitChenyi Qiang2021-05-072-1/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bus lock debug exception introduces a new bit DR6_BUS_LOCK (bit 11 of DR6) to indicate that bus lock #DB exception is generated. The set/clear of DR6_BUS_LOCK is similar to the DR6_RTM. The processor clears DR6_BUS_LOCK when the exception is generated. For all other #DB, the processor sets this bit to 1. Software #DB handler should set this bit before returning to the interrupted task. In VMM, to avoid breaking the CPUs without bus lock #DB exception support, activate the DR6_BUS_LOCK conditionally in DR6_FIXED_1 bits. When intercepting the #DB exception caused by bus locks, bit 11 of the exit qualification is set to identify it. The VMM should emulate the exception by clearing the bit 11 of the guest DR6. Co-developed-by: Xiaoyao Li <xiaoyao.li@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Xiaoyao Li <xiaoyao.li@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Chenyi Qiang <chenyi.qiang@intel.com> Message-Id: <20210202090433.13441-3-chenyi.qiang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Hide RDTSCP and RDPID if MSR_TSC_AUX probing failedSean Christopherson2021-05-071-0/+15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | If probing MSR_TSC_AUX failed, hide RDTSCP and RDPID, and WARN if either feature was reported as supported. In theory, such a scenario should never happen as both Intel and AMD state that MSR_TSC_AUX is available if RDTSCP or RDPID is supported. But, KVM injects #GP on MSR_TSC_AUX accesses if probing failed, faults on WRMSR(MSR_TSC_AUX) may be fatal to the guest (because they happen during early CPU bringup), and KVM itself has effectively misreported RDPID support in the past. Note, this also has the happy side effect of omitting MSR_TSC_AUX from the list of MSRs that are exposed to userspace if probing the MSR fails. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-16-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Tie Intel and AMD behavior for MSR_TSC_AUX to guest CPU modelSean Christopherson2021-05-074-39/+41
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Squish the Intel and AMD emulation of MSR_TSC_AUX together and tie it to the guest CPU model instead of the host CPU behavior. While not strictly necessary to avoid guest breakage, emulating cross-vendor "architecture" will provide consistent behavior for the guest, e.g. WRMSR fault behavior won't change if the vCPU is migrated to a host with divergent behavior. Note, the "new" kvm_is_supported_user_return_msr() checks do not add new functionality on either SVM or VMX. On SVM, the equivalent was "tsc_aux_uret_slot < 0", and on VMX the check was buried in the vmx_find_uret_msr() call at the find_uret_msr label. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-15-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Move uret MSR slot management to common x86Sean Christopherson2021-05-074-29/+17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Now that SVM and VMX both probe MSRs before "defining" user return slots for them, consolidate the code for probe+define into common x86 and eliminate the odd behavior of having the vendor code define the slot for a given MSR. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-14-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Export the number of uret MSRs to vendor modulesSean Christopherson2021-05-072-16/+14
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Split out and export the number of configured user return MSRs so that VMX can iterate over the set of MSRs without having to do its own tracking. Keep the list itself internal to x86 so that vendor code still has to go through the "official" APIs to add/modify entries. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-13-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: VMX: Disable loading of TSX_CTRL MSR the more conventional waySean Christopherson2021-05-071-12/+10
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tag TSX_CTRL as not needing to be loaded when RTM isn't supported in the host. Crushing the write mask to '0' has the same effect, but requires more mental gymnastics to understand. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-12-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: VMX: Use common x86's uret MSR list as the one true listSean Christopherson2021-05-073-57/+53
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Drop VMX's global list of user return MSRs now that VMX doesn't resort said list to isolate "active" MSRs, i.e. now that VMX's list and x86's list have the same MSRs in the same order. In addition to eliminating the redundant list, this will also allow moving more of the list management into common x86. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-11-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: VMX: Use flag to indicate "active" uret MSRs instead of sorting listSean Christopherson2021-05-072-40/+42
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Explicitly flag a uret MSR as needing to be loaded into hardware instead of resorting the list of "active" MSRs and tracking how many MSRs in total need to be loaded. The only benefit to sorting the list is that the loop to load MSRs during vmx_prepare_switch_to_guest() doesn't need to iterate over all supported uret MRS, only those that are active. But that is a pointless optimization, as the most common case, running a 64-bit guest, will load the vast majority of MSRs. Not to mention that a single WRMSR is far more expensive than iterating over the list. Providing a stable list order obviates the need to track a given MSR's "slot" in the per-CPU list of user return MSRs; all lists simply use the same ordering. Future patches will take advantage of the stable order to further simplify the related code. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-10-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: VMX: Configure list of user return MSRs at module initSean Christopherson2021-05-072-21/+50
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Configure the list of user return MSRs that are actually supported at module init instead of reprobing the list of possible MSRs every time a vCPU is created. Curating the list on a per-vCPU basis is pointless; KVM is completely hosed if the set of supported MSRs changes after module init, or if the set of MSRs differs per physical PCU. The per-vCPU lists also increase complexity (see __vmx_find_uret_msr()) and creates corner cases that _should_ be impossible, but theoretically exist in KVM, e.g. advertising RDTSCP to userspace without actually being able to virtualize RDTSCP if probing MSR_TSC_AUX fails. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-9-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Add support for RDPID without RDTSCPSean Christopherson2021-05-073-7/+29
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Allow userspace to enable RDPID for a guest without also enabling RDTSCP. Aside from checking for RDPID support in the obvious flows, VMX also needs to set ENABLE_RDTSCP=1 when RDPID is exposed. For the record, there is no known scenario where enabling RDPID without RDTSCP is desirable. But, both AMD and Intel architectures allow for the condition, i.e. this is purely to make KVM more architecturally accurate. Fixes: 41cd02c6f7f6 ("kvm: x86: Expose RDPID in KVM_GET_SUPPORTED_CPUID") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Reported-by: Reiji Watanabe <reijiw@google.com> Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-8-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: SVM: Probe and load MSR_TSC_AUX regardless of RDTSCP support in hostSean Christopherson2021-05-071-8/+10
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Probe MSR_TSC_AUX whether or not RDTSCP is supported in the host, and if probing succeeds, load the guest's MSR_TSC_AUX into hardware prior to VMRUN. Because SVM doesn't support interception of RDPID, RDPID cannot be disallowed in the guest (without resorting to binary translation). Leaving the host's MSR_TSC_AUX in hardware would leak the host's value to the guest if RDTSCP is not supported. Note, there is also a kernel bug that prevents leaking the host's value. The host kernel initializes MSR_TSC_AUX if and only if RDTSCP is supported, even though the vDSO usage consumes MSR_TSC_AUX via RDPID. I.e. if RDTSCP is not supported, there is no host value to leak. But, if/when the host kernel bug is fixed, KVM would start leaking MSR_TSC_AUX in the case where hardware supports RDPID but RDTSCP is unavailable for whatever reason. Probing MSR_TSC_AUX will also allow consolidating the probe and define logic in common x86, and will make it simpler to condition the existence of MSR_TSX_AUX (from the guest's perspective) on RDTSCP *or* RDPID. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-7-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: VMX: Disable preemption when probing user return MSRsSean Christopherson2021-05-073-4/+18
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Disable preemption when probing a user return MSR via RDSMR/WRMSR. If the MSR holds a different value per logical CPU, the WRMSR could corrupt the host's value if KVM is preempted between the RDMSR and WRMSR, and then rescheduled on a different CPU. Opportunistically land the helper in common x86, SVM will use the helper in a future commit. Fixes: 4be534102624 ("KVM: VMX: Initialize vmx->guest_msrs[] right after allocation") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Cc: Xiaoyao Li <xiaoyao.li@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-6-seanjc@google.com> Reviewed-by: Jim Mattson <jmattson@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Move RDPID emulation intercept to its own enumSean Christopherson2021-05-073-2/+4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Add a dedicated intercept enum for RDPID instead of piggybacking RDTSCP. Unlike VMX's ENABLE_RDTSCP, RDPID is not bound to SVM's RDTSCP intercept. Fixes: fb6d4d340e05 ("KVM: x86: emulate RDPID") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-5-seanjc@google.com> Reviewed-by: Jim Mattson <jmattson@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: SVM: Inject #UD on RDTSCP when it should be disabled in the guestSean Christopherson2021-05-071-4/+13
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Intercept RDTSCP to inject #UD if RDTSC is disabled in the guest. Note, SVM does not support intercepting RDPID. Unlike VMX's ENABLE_RDTSCP control, RDTSCP interception does not apply to RDPID. This is a benign virtualization hole as the host kernel (incorrectly) sets MSR_TSC_AUX if RDTSCP is supported, and KVM loads the guest's MSR_TSC_AUX into hardware if RDTSCP is supported in the host, i.e. KVM will not leak the host's MSR_TSC_AUX to the guest. But, when the kernel bug is fixed, KVM will start leaking the host's MSR_TSC_AUX if RDPID is supported in hardware, but RDTSCP isn't available for whatever reason. This leak will be remedied in a future commit. Fixes: 46896c73c1a4 ("KVM: svm: add support for RDTSCP") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-4-seanjc@google.com> Reviewed-by: Jim Mattson <jmattson@google.com> Reviewed-by: Reiji Watanabe <reijiw@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Emulate RDPID only if RDTSCP is supportedSean Christopherson2021-05-071-1/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Do not advertise emulation support for RDPID if RDTSCP is unsupported. RDPID emulation subtly relies on MSR_TSC_AUX to exist in hardware, as both vmx_get_msr() and svm_get_msr() will return an error if the MSR is unsupported, i.e. ctxt->ops->get_msr() will fail and the emulator will inject a #UD. Note, RDPID emulation also relies on RDTSCP being enabled in the guest, but this is a KVM bug and will eventually be fixed. Fixes: fb6d4d340e05 ("KVM: x86: emulate RDPID") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-3-seanjc@google.com> Reviewed-by: Jim Mattson <jmattson@google.com> Reviewed-by: Reiji Watanabe <reijiw@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: VMX: Do not advertise RDPID if ENABLE_RDTSCP control is unsupportedSean Christopherson2021-05-071-2/+4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Clear KVM's RDPID capability if the ENABLE_RDTSCP secondary exec control is unsupported. Despite being enumerated in a separate CPUID flag, RDPID is bundled under the same VMCS control as RDTSCP and will #UD in VMX non-root if ENABLE_RDTSCP is not enabled. Fixes: 41cd02c6f7f6 ("kvm: x86: Expose RDPID in KVM_GET_SUPPORTED_CPUID") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Message-Id: <20210504171734.1434054-2-seanjc@google.com> Reviewed-by: Jim Mattson <jmattson@google.com> Reviewed-by: Reiji Watanabe <reijiw@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: nSVM: remove a warning about vmcb01 VM exit reasonMaxim Levitsky2021-05-071-1/+0
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | While in most cases, when returning to use the VMCB01, the exit reason stored in it will be SVM_EXIT_VMRUN, on first VM exit after a nested migration this field can contain anything since the VM entry did happen before the migration. Remove this warning to avoid the false positive. Signed-off-by: Maxim Levitsky <mlevitsk@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210504143936.1644378-3-mlevitsk@redhat.com> Fixes: 9a7de6ecc3ed ("KVM: nSVM: If VMRUN is single-stepped, queue the #DB intercept in nested_svm_vmexit()") Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: nSVM: always restore the L1's GIF on migrationMaxim Levitsky2021-05-071-0/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | While usually the L1's GIF is set while L2 runs, and usually migration nested state is loaded after a vCPU reset which also sets L1's GIF to true, this is not guaranteed. Signed-off-by: Maxim Levitsky <mlevitsk@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210504143936.1644378-2-mlevitsk@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Hoist input checks in kvm_add_msr_filter()Siddharth Chandrasekaran2021-05-071-19/+7
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In ioctl KVM_X86_SET_MSR_FILTER, input from user space is validated after a memdup_user(). For invalid inputs we'd memdup and then call kfree unnecessarily. Hoist input validation to avoid kfree altogether. Signed-off-by: Siddharth Chandrasekaran <sidcha@amazon.de> Message-Id: <20210503122111.13775-1-sidcha@amazon.de> Reviewed-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: nVMX: Properly pad 'struct kvm_vmx_nested_state_hdr'Vitaly Kuznetsov2021-05-071-0/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Eliminate the probably unwanted hole in 'struct kvm_vmx_nested_state_hdr': Pre-patch: struct kvm_vmx_nested_state_hdr { __u64 vmxon_pa; /* 0 8 */ __u64 vmcs12_pa; /* 8 8 */ struct { __u16 flags; /* 16 2 */ } smm; /* 16 2 */ /* XXX 2 bytes hole, try to pack */ __u32 flags; /* 20 4 */ __u64 preemption_timer_deadline; /* 24 8 */ }; Post-patch: struct kvm_vmx_nested_state_hdr { __u64 vmxon_pa; /* 0 8 */ __u64 vmcs12_pa; /* 8 8 */ struct { __u16 flags; /* 16 2 */ } smm; /* 16 2 */ __u16 pad; /* 18 2 */ __u32 flags; /* 20 4 */ __u64 preemption_timer_deadline; /* 24 8 */ }; Signed-off-by: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210503150854.1144255-3-vkuznets@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: nVMX: Always make an attempt to map eVMCS after migrationVitaly Kuznetsov2021-05-071-10/+19
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | When enlightened VMCS is in use and nested state is migrated with vmx_get_nested_state()/vmx_set_nested_state() KVM can't map evmcs page right away: evmcs gpa is not 'struct kvm_vmx_nested_state_hdr' and we can't read it from VP assist page because userspace may decide to restore HV_X64_MSR_VP_ASSIST_PAGE after restoring nested state (and QEMU, for example, does exactly that). To make sure eVMCS is mapped /vmx_set_nested_state() raises KVM_REQ_GET_NESTED_STATE_PAGES request. Commit f2c7ef3ba955 ("KVM: nSVM: cancel KVM_REQ_GET_NESTED_STATE_PAGES on nested vmexit") added KVM_REQ_GET_NESTED_STATE_PAGES clearing to nested_vmx_vmexit() to make sure MSR permission bitmap is not switched when an immediate exit from L2 to L1 happens right after migration (caused by a pending event, for example). Unfortunately, in the exact same situation we still need to have eVMCS mapped so nested_sync_vmcs12_to_shadow() reflects changes in VMCS12 to eVMCS. As a band-aid, restore nested_get_evmcs_page() when clearing KVM_REQ_GET_NESTED_STATE_PAGES in nested_vmx_vmexit(). The 'fix' is far from being ideal as we can't easily propagate possible failures and even if we could, this is most likely already too late to do so. The whole 'KVM_REQ_GET_NESTED_STATE_PAGES' idea for mapping eVMCS after migration seems to be fragile as we diverge too much from the 'native' path when vmptr loading happens on vmx_set_nested_state(). Fixes: f2c7ef3ba955 ("KVM: nSVM: cancel KVM_REQ_GET_NESTED_STATE_PAGES on nested vmexit") Signed-off-by: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210503150854.1144255-2-vkuznets@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * x86/kvm: Unify kvm_pv_guest_cpu_reboot() with kvm_guest_cpu_offline()Vitaly Kuznetsov2021-05-071-25/+17
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Simplify the code by making PV features shutdown happen in one place. Signed-off-by: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210414123544.1060604-6-vkuznets@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * x86/kvm: Disable all PV features on crashVitaly Kuznetsov2021-05-073-39/+32
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Crash shutdown handler only disables kvmclock and steal time, other PV features remain active so we risk corrupting memory or getting some side-effects in kdump kernel. Move crash handler to kvm.c and unify with CPU offline. Signed-off-by: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210414123544.1060604-5-vkuznets@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * x86/kvm: Disable kvmclock on all CPUs on shutdownVitaly Kuznetsov2021-05-073-6/+4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Currenly, we disable kvmclock from machine_shutdown() hook and this only happens for boot CPU. We need to disable it for all CPUs to guard against memory corruption e.g. on restore from hibernate. Note, writing '0' to kvmclock MSR doesn't clear memory location, it just prevents hypervisor from updating the location so for the short while after write and while CPU is still alive, the clock remains usable and correct so we don't need to switch to some other clocksource. Signed-off-by: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210414123544.1060604-4-vkuznets@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * x86/kvm: Teardown PV features on boot CPU as wellVitaly Kuznetsov2021-05-071-16/+40
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Various PV features (Async PF, PV EOI, steal time) work through memory shared with hypervisor and when we restore from hibernation we must properly teardown all these features to make sure hypervisor doesn't write to stale locations after we jump to the previously hibernated kernel (which can try to place anything there). For secondary CPUs the job is already done by kvm_cpu_down_prepare(), register syscore ops to do the same for boot CPU. Signed-off-by: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210414123544.1060604-3-vkuznets@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * x86/kvm: Fix pr_info() for async PF setup/teardownVitaly Kuznetsov2021-05-051-2/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 'pr_fmt' already has 'kvm-guest: ' so 'KVM' prefix is redundant. "Unregister pv shared memory" is very ambiguous, it's hard to say which particular PV feature it relates to. Signed-off-by: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210414123544.1060604-2-vkuznets@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86: Fix potential fput on a null source_kvm_fileColin Ian King2021-05-031-1/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The fget can potentially return null, so the fput on the error return path can cause a null pointer dereference. Fix this by checking for a null source_kvm_file before doing a fput. Addresses-Coverity: ("Dereference null return") Fixes: 54526d1fd593 ("KVM: x86: Support KVM VMs sharing SEV context") Signed-off-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com> Message-Id: <20210430170303.131924-1-colin.king@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86/mmu: Fix kdoc of __handle_changed_spteKai Huang2021-05-031-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The function name of kdoc of __handle_changed_spte() should be itself, rather than handle_changed_spte(). Fix the typo. Signed-off-by: Kai Huang <kai.huang@intel.com> Message-Id: <20210503042446.154695-1-kai.huang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: nSVM: leave the guest mode prior to loading a nested stateMaxim Levitsky2021-05-031-2/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This allows the KVM to load the nested state more than once without warnings. Signed-off-by: Maxim Levitsky <mlevitsk@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210503125446.1353307-4-mlevitsk@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: nSVM: fix few bugs in the vmcb02 caching logicMaxim Levitsky2021-05-033-2/+14
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * Define and use an invalid GPA (all ones) for init value of last and current nested vmcb physical addresses. * Reset the current vmcb12 gpa to the invalid value when leaving the nested mode, similar to what is done on nested vmexit. * Reset the last seen vmcb12 address when disabling the nested SVM, as it relies on vmcb02 fields which are freed at that point. Fixes: 4995a3685f1b ("KVM: SVM: Use a separate vmcb for the nested L2 guest") Signed-off-by: Maxim Levitsky <mlevitsk@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210503125446.1353307-3-mlevitsk@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: nSVM: fix a typo in svm_leave_nestedMaxim Levitsky2021-05-031-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | When forcibly leaving the nested mode, we should switch to vmcb01 Fixes: 4995a3685f1b ("KVM: SVM: Use a separate vmcb for the nested L2 guest") Signed-off-by: Maxim Levitsky <mlevitsk@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210503125446.1353307-2-mlevitsk@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: LAPIC: Accurately guarantee busy wait for timer to expire when using ↵Wanpeng Li2021-05-031-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | hv_timer Commit ee66e453db13d (KVM: lapic: Busy wait for timer to expire when using hv_timer) tries to set ktime->expired_tscdeadline by checking ktime->hv_timer_in_use since lapic timer oneshot/periodic modes which are emulated by vmx preemption timer also get advanced, they leverage the same vmx preemption timer logic with tsc-deadline mode. However, ktime->hv_timer_in_use is cleared before apic_timer_expired() handling, let's delay this clearing in preemption-disabled region. Fixes: ee66e453db13d ("KVM: lapic: Busy wait for timer to expire when using hv_timer") Reviewed-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <wanpengli@tencent.com> Message-Id: <1619608082-4187-1-git-send-email-wanpengli@tencent.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * kvm/x86: Fix 'lpages' kvm stat for TDM MMUShahin, Md Shahadat Hossain2021-05-031-0/+7
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Large pages not being created properly may result in increased memory access time. The 'lpages' kvm stat used to keep track of the current number of large pages in the system, but with TDP MMU enabled the stat is not showing the correct number. This patch extends the lpages counter to cover the TDP case. Signed-off-by: Md Shahadat Hossain Shahin <shahinmd@amazon.de> Cc: Bartosz Szczepanek <bsz@amazon.de> Message-Id: <1619783551459.35424@amazon.de> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
| * KVM: x86/mmu: Avoid unnecessary page table allocation in kvm_tdp_mmu_map()Kai Huang2021-05-031-0/+8
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In kvm_tdp_mmu_map(), while iterating TDP MMU page table entries, it is possible SPTE has already been frozen by another thread but the frozen is not done yet, for instance, when another thread is still in middle of zapping large page. In this case, the !is_shadow_present_pte() check for old SPTE in tdp_mmu_for_each_pte() may hit true, and in this case allocating new page table is unnecessary since tdp_mmu_set_spte_atomic() later will return false and page table will need to be freed. Add is_removed_spte() check before allocating new page table to avoid this. Signed-off-by: Kai Huang <kai.huang@intel.com> Message-Id: <20210429041226.50279-1-kai.huang@intel.com> Reviewed-by: Ben Gardon <bgardon@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
* | Merge tag 'perf_urgent_for_v5.13_rc1' of ↵Linus Torvalds2021-05-091-21/+26
|\ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull x86 perf fix from Borislav Petkov: "Handle power-gating of AMD IOMMU perf counters properly when they are used" * tag 'perf_urgent_for_v5.13_rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: x86/events/amd/iommu: Fix invalid Perf result due to IOMMU PMC power-gating
| * | x86/events/amd/iommu: Fix invalid Perf result due to IOMMU PMC power-gatingSuravee Suthikulpanit2021-05-061-21/+26
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | On certain AMD platforms, when the IOMMU performance counter source (csource) field is zero, power-gating for the counter is enabled, which prevents write access and returns zero for read access. This can cause invalid perf result especially when event multiplexing is needed (i.e. more number of events than available counters) since the current logic keeps track of the previously read counter value, and subsequently re-program the counter to continue counting the event. With power-gating enabled, we cannot gurantee successful re-programming of the counter. Workaround this issue by : 1. Modifying the ordering of setting/reading counters and enabing/ disabling csources to only access the counter when the csource is set to non-zero. 2. Since AMD IOMMU PMU does not support interrupt mode, the logic can be simplified to always start counting with value zero, and accumulate the counter value when stopping without the need to keep track and reprogram the counter with the previously read counter value. This has been tested on systems with and without power-gating. Fixes: 994d6608efe4 ("iommu/amd: Remove performance counter pre-initialization test") Suggested-by: Alexander Monakov <amonakov@ispras.ru> Signed-off-by: Suravee Suthikulpanit <suravee.suthikulpanit@amd.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210504065236.4415-1-suravee.suthikulpanit@amd.com
* | | Merge tag 'x86_urgent_for_v5.13_rc1' of ↵Linus Torvalds2021-05-0913-120/+131
|\ \ \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull x86 fixes from Borislav Petkov: "A bunch of things accumulated for x86 in the last two weeks: - Fix guest vtime accounting so that ticks happening while the guest is running can also be accounted to it. Along with a consolidation to the guest-specific context tracking helpers. - Provide for the host NMI handler running after a VMX VMEXIT to be able to run on the kernel stack correctly. - Initialize MSR_TSC_AUX when RDPID is supported and not RDTSCP (virt relevant - real hw supports both) - A code generation improvement to TASK_SIZE_MAX through the use of alternatives - The usual misc and related cleanups and improvements" * tag 'x86_urgent_for_v5.13_rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: KVM: x86: Consolidate guest enter/exit logic to common helpers context_tracking: KVM: Move guest enter/exit wrappers to KVM's domain context_tracking: Consolidate guest enter/exit wrappers sched/vtime: Move guest enter/exit vtime accounting to vtime.h sched/vtime: Move vtime accounting external declarations above inlines KVM: x86: Defer vtime accounting 'til after IRQ handling context_tracking: Move guest exit vtime accounting to separate helpers context_tracking: Move guest exit context tracking to separate helpers KVM/VMX: Invoke NMI non-IST entry instead of IST entry x86/cpu: Remove write_tsc() and write_rdtscp_aux() wrappers x86/cpu: Initialize MSR_TSC_AUX if RDTSCP *or* RDPID is supported x86/resctrl: Fix init const confusion x86: Delete UD0, UD1 traces x86/smpboot: Remove duplicate includes x86/cpu: Use alternative to generate the TASK_SIZE_MAX constant