path: root/Documentation/dev-tools/checkpatch.rst

.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only

==========
Checkpatch
==========

Checkpatch (scripts/checkpatch.pl) is a perl script which checks for trivial
style violations in patches and optionally corrects them.  Checkpatch can
also be run on file contexts and without the kernel tree.

Checkpatch is not always right. Your judgement takes precedence over checkpatch
messages.  If your code looks better with the violations, then its probably
best left alone.


Options
=======

This section will describe the options checkpatch can be run with.

Usage::

  ./scripts/checkpatch.pl [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Available options:

 - -q,  --quiet

   Enable quiet mode.

 - -v,  --verbose
   Enable verbose mode.  Additional verbose test descriptions are output
   so as to provide information on why that particular message is shown.

 - --no-tree

   Run checkpatch without the kernel tree.

 - --no-signoff

   Disable the 'Signed-off-by' line check.  The sign-off is a simple line at
   the end of the explanation for the patch, which certifies that you wrote it
   or otherwise have the right to pass it on as an open-source patch.

   Example::

	 Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org>

   Setting this flag effectively stops a message for a missing signed-off-by
   line in a patch context.

 - --patch

   Treat FILE as a patch.  This is the default option and need not be
   explicitly specified.

 - --emacs

   Set output to emacs compile window format.  This allows emacs users to jump
   from the error in the compile window directly to the offending line in the
   patch.

 - --terse

   Output only one line per report.

 - --showfile

   Show the diffed file position instead of the input file position.

 - -g,  --git

   Treat FILE as a single commit or a git revision range.

   Single commit with:

   - <rev>
   - <rev>^
   - <rev>~n

   Multiple commits with:

   - <rev1>..<rev2>
   - <rev1>...<rev2>
   - <rev>-<count>

 - -f,  --file

   Treat FILE as a regular source file.  This option must be used when running
   checkpatch on source files in the kernel.

 - --subjective,  --strict

   Enable stricter tests in checkpatch.  By default the tests emitted as CHECK
   do not activate by default.  Use this flag to activate the CHECK tests.

 - --list-types

   Every message emitted by checkpatch has an associated TYPE.  Add this flag
   to display all the types in checkpatch.

   Note that when this flag is active, checkpatch does not read the input FILE,
   and no message is emitted.  Only a list of types in checkpatch is output.

 - --types TYPE(,TYPE2...)

   Only display messages with the given types.

   Example::

     ./scripts/checkpatch.pl mypatch.patch --types EMAIL_SUBJECT,BRACES

 - --ignore TYPE(,TYPE2...)

   Checkpatch will not emit messages for the specified types.

   Example::

     ./scripts/checkpatch.pl mypatch.patch --ignore EMAIL_SUBJECT,BRACES

 - --show-types

   By default checkpatch doesn't display the type associated with the messages.
   Set this flag to show the message type in the output.

 - --max-line-length=n

   Set the max line length (default 100).  If a line exceeds the specified
   length, a LONG_LINE message is emitted.


   The message level is different for patch and file contexts.  For patches,
   a WARNING is emitted.  While a milder CHECK is emitted for files.  So for
   file contexts, the --strict flag must also be enabled.

 - --min-conf-desc-length=n

   Set the Kconfig entry minimum description length, if shorter, warn.

 - --tab-size=n

   Set the number of spaces for tab (default 8).

 - --root=PATH

   PATH to the kernel tree root.

   This option must be specified when invoking checkpatch from outside
   the kernel root.

 - --no-summary

   Suppress the per file summary.

 - --mailback

   Only produce a report in case of Warnings or Errors.  Milder Checks are
   excluded from this.

 - --summary-file

   Include the filename in summary.

 - --debug KEY=[0|1]

   Turn on/off debugging of KEY, where KEY is one of 'values', 'possible',
   'type', and 'attr' (default is all off).

 - --fix

   This is an EXPERIMENTAL feature.  If correctable errors exists, a file
   <inputfile>.EXPERIMENTAL-checkpatch-fixes is created which has the
   automatically fixable errors corrected.

 - --fix-inplace

   EXPERIMENTAL - Similar to --fix but input file is overwritten with fixes.

   DO NOT USE this flag unless you are absolutely sure and you have a backup
   in place.

 - --ignore-perl-version

   Override checking of perl version.  Runtime errors maybe encountered after
   enabling this flag if the perl version does not meet the minimum specified.

 - --codespell

   Use the codespell dictionary for checking spelling errors.

 - --codespellfile

   Use the specified codespell file.
   Default is '/usr/share/codespell/dictionary.txt'.

 - --typedefsfile

   Read additional types from this file.

 - --color[=WHEN]

   Use colors 'always', 'never', or only when output is a terminal ('auto').
   Default is 'auto'.

 - --kconfig-prefix=WORD

   Use WORD as a prefix for Kconfig symbols (default is `CONFIG_`).

 - -h, --help, --version

   Display the help text.

Message Levels
==============

Messages in checkpatch are divided into three levels. The levels of messages
in checkpatch denote the severity of the error. They are:

 - ERROR

   This is the most strict level.  Messages of type ERROR must be taken
   seriously as they denote things that are very likely to be wrong.

 - WARNING

   This is the next stricter level.  Messages of type WARNING requires a
   more careful review.  But it is milder than an ERROR.

 - CHECK

   This is the mildest level.  These are things which may require some thought.

Type Descriptions
=================

This section contains a description of all the message types in checkpatch.

.. Types in this section are also parsed by checkpatch.
.. The types are grouped into subsections based on use.


Allocation style
----------------

  **ALLOC_ARRAY_ARGS**
    The first argument for kcalloc or kmalloc_array should be the
    number of elements.  sizeof() as the first argument is generally
    wrong.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/core-api/memory-allocation.html

  **ALLOC_SIZEOF_STRUCT**
    The allocation style is bad.  In general for family of
    allocation functions using sizeof() to get memory size,
    constructs like::

      p = alloc(sizeof(struct foo), ...)

    should be::

      p = alloc(sizeof(*p), ...)

    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#allocating-memory

  **ALLOC_WITH_MULTIPLY**
    Prefer kmalloc_array/kcalloc over kmalloc/kzalloc with a
    sizeof multiply.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/core-api/memory-allocation.html


API usage
---------

  **ARCH_DEFINES**
    Architecture specific defines should be avoided wherever
    possible.

  **ARCH_INCLUDE_LINUX**
    Whenever asm/file.h is included and linux/file.h exists, a
    conversion can be made when linux/file.h includes asm/file.h.
    However this is not always the case (See signal.h).
    This message type is emitted only for includes from arch/.

  **ARRAY_SIZE**
    The ARRAY_SIZE(foo) macro should be preferred over
    sizeof(foo)/sizeof(foo[0]) for finding number of elements in an
    array.

    The macro is defined in include/linux/kernel.h::

      #define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof((x)[0]))

  **AVOID_BUG**
    BUG() or BUG_ON() should be avoided totally.
    Use WARN() and WARN_ON() instead, and handle the "impossible"
    error condition as gracefully as possible.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/deprecated.html#bug-and-bug-on

  **AVOID_EXTERNS**
    Function prototypes don't need to be declared extern in .h
    files.  It's assumed by the compiler and is unnecessary.

  **AVOID_L_PREFIX**
    Local symbol names that are prefixed with `.L` should be avoided,
    as this has special meaning for the assembler; a symbol entry will
    not be emitted into the symbol table.  This can prevent `objtool`
    from generating correct unwind info.

    Symbols with STB_LOCAL binding may still be used, and `.L` prefixed
    local symbol names are still generally usable within a function,
    but `.L` prefixed local symbol names should not be used to denote
    the beginning or end of code regions via
    `SYM_CODE_START_LOCAL`/`SYM_CODE_END`

  **BIT_MACRO**
    Defines like: 1 << <digit> could be BIT(digit).
    The BIT() macro is defined in include/linux/bitops.h::

      #define BIT(nr)         (1UL << (nr))

  **CONSIDER_KSTRTO**
    The simple_strtol(), simple_strtoll(), simple_strtoul(), and
    simple_strtoull() functions explicitly ignore overflows, which
    may lead to unexpected results in callers.  The respective kstrtol(),
    kstrtoll(), kstrtoul(), and kstrtoull() functions tend to be the
    correct replacements.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/deprecated.html#simple-strtol-simple-strtoll-simple-strtoul-simple-strtoull


Comment style
-------------

  **BLOCK_COMMENT_STYLE**
    The comment style is incorrect.  The preferred style for multi-
    line comments is::

      /*
      * This is the preferred style
      * for multi line comments.
      */

    The networking comment style is a bit different, with the first line
    not empty like the former::

      /* This is the preferred comment style
      * for files in net/ and drivers/net/
      */

    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#commenting

  **C99_COMMENTS**
    C99 style single line comments (//) should not be used.
    Prefer the block comment style instead.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#commenting



Commit message
--------------

  **BAD_SIGN_OFF**
    The signed-off-by line does not fall in line with the standards
    specified by the community.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/submitting-patches.html#developer-s-certificate-of-origin-1-1

  **BAD_STABLE_ADDRESS_STYLE**
    The email format for stable is incorrect.
    Some valid options for stable address are::

      1. stable@vger.kernel.org
      2. stable@kernel.org

    For adding version info, the following comment style should be used::

      stable@vger.kernel.org # version info

  **COMMIT_COMMENT_SYMBOL**
    Commit log lines starting with a '#' are ignored by git as
    comments.  To solve this problem addition of a single space
    infront of the log line is enough.

  **COMMIT_MESSAGE**
    The patch is missing a commit description.  A brief
    description of the changes made by the patch should be added.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/submitting-patches.html#describe-your-changes

  **MISSING_SIGN_OFF**
    The patch is missing a Signed-off-by line.  A signed-off-by
    line should be added according to Developer's certificate of
    Origin.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/submitting-patches.html#sign-your-work-the-developer-s-certificate-of-origin

  **NO_AUTHOR_SIGN_OFF**
    The author of the patch has not signed off the patch.  It is
    required that a simple sign off line should be present at the
    end of explanation of the patch to denote that the author has
    written it or otherwise has the rights to pass it on as an open
    source patch.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/submitting-patches.html#sign-your-work-the-developer-s-certificate-of-origin


Comparison style
----------------

  **ASSIGN_IN_IF**
    Do not use assignments in if condition.
    Example::

      if ((foo = bar(...)) < BAZ) {

    should be written as::

      foo = bar(...);
      if (foo < BAZ) {

  **BOOL_COMPARISON**
    Comparisons of A to true and false are better written
    as A and !A.
    See: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1365563834.27174.12.camel@joe-AO722/

  **COMPARISON_TO_NULL**
    Comparisons to NULL in the form (foo == NULL) or (foo != NULL)
    are better written as (!foo) and (foo).

  **CONSTANT_COMPARISON**
    Comparisons with a constant or upper case identifier on the left
    side of the test should be avoided.


Spacing and Brackets
--------------------

  **ASSIGNMENT_CONTINUATIONS**
    Assignment operators should not be written at the start of a
    line but should follow the operand at the previous line.

  **BRACES**
    The placement of braces is stylistically incorrect.
    The preferred way is to put the opening brace last on the line,
    and put the closing brace first::

      if (x is true) {
        we do y
      }

    This applies for all non-functional blocks.
    However, there is one special case, namely functions: they have the
    opening brace at the beginning of the next line, thus::

      int function(int x)
      {
        body of function
      }

    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#placing-braces-and-spaces

  **BRACKET_SPACE**
    Whitespace before opening bracket '[' is prohibited.
    There are some exceptions:

    1. With a type on the left::

        ;int [] a;

    2. At the beginning of a line for slice initialisers::

        [0...10] = 5,

    3. Inside a curly brace::

        = { [0...10] = 5 }

  **CODE_INDENT**
    Code indent should use tabs instead of spaces.
    Outside of comments, documentation and Kconfig,
    spaces are never used for indentation.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#indentation

  **CONCATENATED_STRING**
    Concatenated elements should have a space in between.
    Example::

      printk(KERN_INFO"bar");

    should be::

      printk(KERN_INFO "bar");

  **LINE_SPACING**
    Vertical space is wasted given the limited number of lines an
    editor window can display when multiple blank lines are used.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#spaces

  **SPACING**
    Whitespace style used in the kernel sources is described in kernel docs.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#spaces

  **TRAILING_WHITESPACE**
    Trailing whitespace should always be removed.
    Some editors highlight the trailing whitespace and cause visual
    distractions when editing files.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#spaces


Others
------

  **CAMELCASE**
    Avoid CamelCase Identifiers.
    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#naming

  **CONFIG_DESCRIPTION**
    Kconfig symbols should have a help text which fully describes
    it.