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===================================
Atomic Replace & Cumulative Patches
===================================
There might be dependencies between livepatches. If multiple patches need
to do different changes to the same function(s) then we need to define
an order in which the patches will be installed. And function implementations
from any newer livepatch must be done on top of the older ones.
This might become a maintenance nightmare. Especially if anyone would want
to remove a patch that is in the middle of the stack.
An elegant solution comes with the feature called "Atomic Replace". It allows
creation of so called "Cumulative Patches". They include all wanted changes
from all older livepatches and completely replace them in one transition.
Usage
-----
The atomic replace can be enabled by setting "replace" flag in struct klp_patch,
for example:
static struct klp_patch patch = {
.mod = THIS_MODULE,
.objs = objs,
.replace = true,
};
Such a patch is added on top of the livepatch stack when enabled.
All processes are then migrated to use the code only from the new patch.
Once the transition is finished, all older patches are automatically
disabled and removed from the stack of patches.
Ftrace handlers are transparently removed from functions that are no
longer modified by the new cumulative patch.
As a result, the livepatch authors might maintain sources only for one
cumulative patch. It helps to keep the patch consistent while adding or
removing various fixes or features.
Users could keep only the last patch installed on the system after
the transition to has finished. It helps to clearly see what code is
actually in use. Also the livepatch might then be seen as a "normal"
module that modifies the kernel behavior. The only difference is that
it can be updated at runtime without breaking its functionality.
Features
--------
The atomic replace allows:
+ Atomically revert some functions in a previous patch while
upgrading other functions.
+ Remove eventual performance impact caused by core redirection
for functions that are no longer patched.
+ Decrease user confusion about stacking order and what code
is actually in use.
Limitations:
------------
+ Once the operation finishes, there is no straightforward way
to reverse it and restore the replaced patches atomically.
A good practice is to set .replace flag in any released livepatch.
Then re-adding an older livepatch is equivalent to downgrading
to that patch. This is safe as long as the livepatches do _not_ do
extra modifications in (un)patching callbacks or in the module_init()
or module_exit() functions, see below.
Also note that the replaced patch can be removed and loaded again
only when the transition was not forced.
+ Only the (un)patching callbacks from the _new_ cumulative livepatch are
executed. Any callbacks from the replaced patches are ignored.
In other words, the cumulative patch is responsible for doing any actions
that are necessary to properly replace any older patch.
As a result, it might be dangerous to replace newer cumulative patches by
older ones. The old livepatches might not provide the necessary callbacks.
This might be seen as a limitation in some scenarios. But it makes life
easier in many others. Only the new cumulative livepatch knows what
fixes/features are added/removed and what special actions are necessary
for a smooth transition.
In any case, it would be a nightmare to think about the order of
the various callbacks and their interactions if the callbacks from all
enabled patches were called.
+ There is no special handling of shadow variables. Livepatch authors
must create their own rules how to pass them from one cumulative
patch to the other. Especially that they should not blindly remove
them in module_exit() functions.
A good practice might be to remove shadow variables in the post-unpatch
callback. It is called only when the livepatch is properly disabled.
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