1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
|
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
* Copyright 2016, Rashmica Gupta, IBM Corp.
*
* This traverses the kernel pagetables and dumps the
* information about the used sections of memory to
* /sys/kernel/debug/kernel_pagetables.
*
* Derived from the arm64 implementation:
* Copyright (c) 2014, The Linux Foundation, Laura Abbott.
* (C) Copyright 2008 Intel Corporation, Arjan van de Ven.
*/
#include <linux/debugfs.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/io.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <asm/fixmap.h>
#include <linux/const.h>
#include <asm/page.h>
#include <asm/pgalloc.h>
#include <asm/hugetlb.h>
#include <mm/mmu_decl.h>
#include "ptdump.h"
/*
* To visualise what is happening,
*
* - PTRS_PER_P** = how many entries there are in the corresponding P**
* - P**_SHIFT = how many bits of the address we use to index into the
* corresponding P**
* - P**_SIZE is how much memory we can access through the table - not the
* size of the table itself.
* P**={PGD, PUD, PMD, PTE}
*
*
* Each entry of the PGD points to a PUD. Each entry of a PUD points to a
* PMD. Each entry of a PMD points to a PTE. And every PTE entry points to
* a page.
*
* In the case where there are only 3 levels, the PUD is folded into the
* PGD: every PUD has only one entry which points to the PMD.
*
* The page dumper groups page table entries of the same type into a single
* description. It uses pg_state to track the range information while
* iterating over the PTE entries. When the continuity is broken it then
* dumps out a description of the range - ie PTEs that are virtually contiguous
* with the same PTE flags are chunked together. This is to make it clear how
* different areas of the kernel virtual memory are used.
*
*/
struct pg_state {
struct seq_file *seq;
const struct addr_marker *marker;
unsigned long start_address;
unsigned long start_pa;
unsigned long last_pa;
unsigned long page_size;
unsigned int level;
u64 current_flags;
bool check_wx;
unsigned long wx_pages;
};
struct addr_marker {
unsigned long start_address;
const char *name;
};
static struct addr_marker address_markers[] = {
{ 0, "Start of kernel VM" },
#ifdef MODULES_VADDR
{ 0, "modules start" },
{ 0, "modules end" },
#endif
{ 0, "vmalloc() Area" },
{ 0, "vmalloc() End" },
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC64
{ 0, "isa I/O start" },
{ 0, "isa I/O end" },
{ 0, "phb I/O start" },
{ 0, "phb I/O end" },
{ 0, "I/O remap start" },
{ 0, "I/O remap end" },
{ 0, "vmemmap start" },
#else
{ 0, "Early I/O remap start" },
{ 0, "Early I/O remap end" },
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
{ 0, "Highmem PTEs start" },
{ 0, "Highmem PTEs end" },
#endif
{ 0, "Fixmap start" },
{ 0, "Fixmap end" },
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_KASAN
{ 0, "kasan shadow mem start" },
{ 0, "kasan shadow mem end" },
#endif
{ -1, NULL },
};
#define pt_dump_seq_printf(m, fmt, args...) \
({ \
if (m) \
seq_printf(m, fmt, ##args); \
})
#define pt_dump_seq_putc(m, c) \
({ \
if (m) \
seq_putc(m, c); \
})
void pt_dump_size(struct seq_file *m, unsigned long size)
{
static const char units[] = "KMGTPE";
const char *unit = units;
/* Work out what appropriate unit to use */
while (!(size & 1023) && unit[1]) {
size >>= 10;
unit++;
}
pt_dump_seq_printf(m, "%9lu%c ", size, *unit);
}
static void dump_flag_info(struct pg_state *st, const struct flag_info
*flag, u64 pte, int num)
{
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0; i < num; i++, flag++) {
const char *s = NULL;
u64 val;
/* flag not defined so don't check it */
if (flag->mask == 0)
continue;
/* Some 'flags' are actually values */
if (flag->is_val) {
val = pte & flag->val;
if (flag->shift)
val = val >> flag->shift;
pt_dump_seq_printf(st->seq, " %s:%llx", flag->set, val);
} else {
if ((pte & flag->mask) == flag->val)
s = flag->set;
else
s = flag->clear;
if (s)
pt_dump_seq_printf(st->seq, " %s", s);
}
st->current_flags &= ~flag->mask;
}
if (st->current_flags != 0)
pt_dump_seq_printf(st->seq, " unknown flags:%llx", st->current_flags);
}
static void dump_addr(struct pg_state *st, unsigned long addr)
{
unsigned long delta;
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC64
#define REG "0x%016lx"
#else
#define REG "0x%08lx"
#endif
pt_dump_seq_printf(st->seq, REG "-" REG " ", st->start_address, addr - 1);
if (st->start_pa == st->last_pa && st->start_address + st->page_size != addr) {
pt_dump_seq_printf(st->seq, "[" REG "]", st->start_pa);
delta = st->page_size >> 10;
} else {
pt_dump_seq_printf(st->seq, " " REG " ", st->start_pa);
delta = (addr - st->start_address) >> 10;
}
pt_dump_size(st->seq, delta);
}
static void note_prot_wx(struct pg_state *st, unsigned long addr)
{
pte_t pte = __pte(st->current_flags);
if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PPC_DEBUG_WX) || !st->check_wx)
return;
if (!pte_write(pte) || !pte_exec(pte))
return;
WARN_ONCE(1, "powerpc/mm: Found insecure W+X mapping at address %p/%pS\n",
(void *)st->start_address, (void *)st->start_address);
st->wx_pages += (addr - st->start_address) / PAGE_SIZE;
}
static void note_page_update_state(struct pg_state *st, unsigned long addr,
unsigned int level, u64 val, unsigned long page_size)
{
u64 flag = val & pg_level[level].mask;
u64 pa = val & PTE_RPN_MASK;
st->level = level;
st->current_flags = flag;
st->start_address = addr;
st->start_pa = pa;
st->page_size = page_size;
while (addr >= st->marker[1].start_address) {
st->marker++;
pt_dump_seq_printf(st->seq, "---[ %s ]---\n", st->marker->name);
}
}
static void note_page(struct pg_state *st, unsigned long addr,
unsigned int level, u64 val, unsigned long page_size)
{
u64 flag = val & pg_level[level].mask;
u64 pa = val & PTE_RPN_MASK;
/* At first no level is set */
if (!st->level) {
pt_dump_seq_printf(st->seq, "---[ %s ]---\n", st->marker->name);
note_page_update_state(st, addr, level, val, page_size);
/*
* Dump the section of virtual memory when:
* - the PTE flags from one entry to the next differs.
* - we change levels in the tree.
* - the address is in a different section of memory and is thus
* used for a different purpose, regardless of the flags.
* - the pa of this page is not adjacent to the last inspected page
*/
} else if (flag != st->current_flags || level != st->level ||
addr >= st->marker[1].start_address ||
(pa != st->last_pa + st->page_size &&
(pa != st->start_pa || st->start_pa != st->last_pa))) {
/* Check the PTE flags */
if (st->current_flags) {
note_prot_wx(st, addr);
dump_addr(st, addr);
/* Dump all the flags */
if (pg_level[st->level].flag)
dump_flag_info(st, pg_level[st->level].flag,
st->current_flags,
pg_level[st->level].num);
pt_dump_seq_putc(st->seq, '\n');
}
/*
* Address indicates we have passed the end of the
* current section of virtual memory
*/
note_page_update_state(st, addr, level, val, page_size);
}
st->last_pa = pa;
}
static void walk_pte(struct pg_state *st, pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long start)
{
pte_t *pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, 0);
unsigned long addr;
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0; i < PTRS_PER_PTE; i++, pte++) {
addr = start + i * PAGE_SIZE;
note_page(st, addr, 4, pte_val(*pte), PAGE_SIZE);
}
}
static void walk_hugepd(struct pg_state *st, hugepd_t *phpd, unsigned long start,
int pdshift, int level)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_HUGEPD
unsigned int i;
int shift = hugepd_shift(*phpd);
int ptrs_per_hpd = pdshift - shift > 0 ? 1 << (pdshift - shift) : 1;
if (start & ((1 << shift) - 1))
return;
for (i = 0; i < ptrs_per_hpd; i++) {
unsigned long addr = start + (i << shift);
pte_t *pte = hugepte_offset(*phpd, addr, pdshift);
note_page(st, addr, level + 1, pte_val(*pte), 1 << shift);
}
#endif
}
static void walk_pmd(struct pg_state *st, pud_t *pud, unsigned long start)
{
pmd_t *pmd = pmd_offset(pud, 0);
unsigned long addr;
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0; i < PTRS_PER_PMD; i++, pmd++) {
addr = start + i * PMD_SIZE;
if (!pmd_none(*pmd) && !pmd_is_leaf(*pmd))
/* pmd exists */
walk_pte(st, pmd, addr);
else
note_page(st, addr, 3, pmd_val(*pmd), PMD_SIZE);
}
}
static void walk_pud(struct pg_state *st, p4d_t *p4d, unsigned long start)
{
pud_t *pud = pud_offset(p4d, 0);
unsigned long addr;
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0; i < PTRS_PER_PUD; i++, pud++) {
addr = start + i * PUD_SIZE;
if (!pud_none(*pud) && !pud_is_leaf(*pud))
/* pud exists */
walk_pmd(st, pud, addr);
else
note_page(st, addr, 2, pud_val(*pud), PUD_SIZE);
}
}
static void walk_pagetables(struct pg_state *st)
{
unsigned int i;
unsigned long addr = st->start_address & PGDIR_MASK;
pgd_t *pgd = pgd_offset_k(addr);
/*
* Traverse the linux pagetable structure and dump pages that are in
* the hash pagetable.
*/
for (i = pgd_index(addr); i < PTRS_PER_PGD; i++, pgd++, addr += PGDIR_SIZE) {
p4d_t *p4d = p4d_offset(pgd, 0);
if (p4d_none(*p4d) || p4d_is_leaf(*p4d))
note_page(st, addr, 1, p4d_val(*p4d), PGDIR_SIZE);
else if (is_hugepd(__hugepd(p4d_val(*p4d))))
walk_hugepd(st, (hugepd_t *)p4d, addr, PGDIR_SHIFT, 1);
else
/* p4d exists */
walk_pud(st, p4d, addr);
}
}
static void populate_markers(void)
{
int i = 0;
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC64
address_markers[i++].start_address = PAGE_OFFSET;
#else
address_markers[i++].start_address = TASK_SIZE;
#endif
#ifdef MODULES_VADDR
address_markers[i++].start_address = MODULES_VADDR;
address_markers[i++].start_address = MODULES_END;
#endif
address_markers[i++].start_address = VMALLOC_START;
address_markers[i++].start_address = VMALLOC_END;
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC64
address_markers[i++].start_address = ISA_IO_BASE;
address_markers[i++].start_address = ISA_IO_END;
address_markers[i++].start_address = PHB_IO_BASE;
address_markers[i++].start_address = PHB_IO_END;
address_markers[i++].start_address = IOREMAP_BASE;
address_markers[i++].start_address = IOREMAP_END;
/* What is the ifdef about? */
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC_BOOK3S_64
address_markers[i++].start_address = H_VMEMMAP_START;
#else
address_markers[i++].start_address = VMEMMAP_BASE;
#endif
#else /* !CONFIG_PPC64 */
address_markers[i++].start_address = ioremap_bot;
address_markers[i++].start_address = IOREMAP_TOP;
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
address_markers[i++].start_address = PKMAP_BASE;
address_markers[i++].start_address = PKMAP_ADDR(LAST_PKMAP);
#endif
address_markers[i++].start_address = FIXADDR_START;
address_markers[i++].start_address = FIXADDR_TOP;
#ifdef CONFIG_KASAN
address_markers[i++].start_address = KASAN_SHADOW_START;
address_markers[i++].start_address = KASAN_SHADOW_END;
#endif
#endif /* CONFIG_PPC64 */
}
static int ptdump_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
{
struct pg_state st = {
.seq = m,
.marker = address_markers,
.start_address = IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PPC64) ? PAGE_OFFSET : TASK_SIZE,
};
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC64
if (!radix_enabled())
st.start_address = KERN_VIRT_START;
#endif
/* Traverse kernel page tables */
walk_pagetables(&st);
note_page(&st, 0, 0, 0, 0);
return 0;
}
static int ptdump_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
return single_open(file, ptdump_show, NULL);
}
static const struct file_operations ptdump_fops = {
.open = ptdump_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = single_release,
};
static void build_pgtable_complete_mask(void)
{
unsigned int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(pg_level); i++)
if (pg_level[i].flag)
for (j = 0; j < pg_level[i].num; j++)
pg_level[i].mask |= pg_level[i].flag[j].mask;
}
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC_DEBUG_WX
void ptdump_check_wx(void)
{
struct pg_state st = {
.seq = NULL,
.marker = address_markers,
.check_wx = true,
.start_address = IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PPC64) ? PAGE_OFFSET : TASK_SIZE,
};
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC64
if (!radix_enabled())
st.start_address = KERN_VIRT_START;
#endif
walk_pagetables(&st);
if (st.wx_pages)
pr_warn("Checked W+X mappings: FAILED, %lu W+X pages found\n",
st.wx_pages);
else
pr_info("Checked W+X mappings: passed, no W+X pages found\n");
}
#endif
static int ptdump_init(void)
{
populate_markers();
build_pgtable_complete_mask();
debugfs_create_file("kernel_page_tables", 0400, NULL, NULL,
&ptdump_fops);
return 0;
}
device_initcall(ptdump_init);
|