path: root/man/systemd-cryptenroll.xml

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<refentry id="systemd-cryptenroll" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" conditional='HAVE_LIBCRYPTSETUP'>

  <refentryinfo>
    <title>systemd-cryptenroll</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>systemd-cryptenroll</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>systemd-cryptenroll</refname>
    <refpurpose>Enroll PKCS#11, FIDO2, TPM2 token/devices to LUKS2 encrypted volumes</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <cmdsynopsis>
      <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command>
      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">DEVICE</arg>
    </cmdsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para><command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> is a tool for enrolling hardware security tokens and devices
    into a LUKS2 encrypted volume, which may then be used to unlock the volume during boot. Specifically, it
    supports tokens and credentials of the following kind to be enrolled:</para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem><para>PKCS#11 security tokens and smartcards that may carry an RSA or EC key pair (e.g.
      various YubiKeys)</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>FIDO2 security tokens that implement the <literal>hmac-secret</literal> extension (most
      FIDO2 keys, including YubiKeys)</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>TPM2 security devices</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>Regular passphrases</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>Recovery keys. These are similar to regular passphrases, however are randomly generated
      on the computer and thus generally have higher entropy than user-chosen passphrases. Their character
      set has been designed to ensure they are easy to type in, while having high entropy. They may also be
      scanned off screen using QR codes. Recovery keys may be used for unlocking LUKS2 volumes wherever
      passphrases are accepted. They are intended to be used in combination with an enrolled hardware
      security token, as a recovery option when the token is lost.</para></listitem>
    </orderedlist>

    <para>In addition, the tool may be used to enumerate currently enrolled security tokens and wipe a subset
    of them. The latter may be combined with the enrollment operation of a new security token, in order to
    update or replace enrollments.</para>

    <para>The tool supports only LUKS2 volumes, as it stores token meta-information in the LUKS2 JSON token
    area, which is not available in other encryption formats.</para>

    <para><command>systemd-cryptsetup</command> operates on the device backing <filename>/var/</filename> if
    no device is specified explicitly, and no wipe operation is requested. (Note that in the typical case
    where <filename>/var/</filename> is on the same file system as the root file system, this hence enrolls a
    key into the backing device of the root file system.)</para>

    <refsect2>
      <title>TPM2 PCRs and policies</title>

      <para>PCRs allow binding of the encryption of secrets to specific software versions and system state,
      so that the enrolled key is only accessible (may be "unsealed") if specific trusted software and/or
      configuration is used. Such bindings may be created with the option <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option>
      described below.</para>

      <para>Secrets may also be bound indirectly: a signed policy for a state of some combination of PCR
      values is provided, and the secret is bound to the public part of the key used to sign this policy.
      This means that the owner of a key can generate a sequence of signed policies, for specific software
      versions and system states, and the secret can be decrypted as long as the machine state matches one of
      those policies. For example, a vendor may provide such a policy for each kernel+initrd update, allowing
      users to encrypt secrets so that they can be decrypted when running any kernel+initrd signed by the
      vendor. Such bindings may be created with the options <option>--tpm2-public-key=</option>,
      <option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option>, <option>--tpm2-signature=</option> described below.
      </para>

      <para>See <ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/linux_tpm_pcr_registry/">Linux TPM
      PCR Registry</ulink> for an authoritative list of PCRs and how they are updated. The table below
      contains a quick reference, describing in particular the PCRs modified by systemd.</para>

      <table>
        <title>Well-known PCR Definitions</title>

        <!-- See: https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/pc-client-specific-platform-firmware-profile-specification/ -->
        <!-- See: https://github.com/rhboot/shim/blob/main/README.tpm -->
        <!-- See: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Measured-Boot.html -->
        <!-- See: https://sourceforge.net/p/linux-ima/wiki/Home/ -->
        <!-- See: https://github.com/tianocore-docs/edk2-TrustedBootChain/blob/main/4_Other_Trusted_Boot_Chains.md -->
        <!-- See: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Trusted_Platform_Module#Accessing_PCR_registers -->

        <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
          <colspec colname="pcr" />
          <colspec colname="name" />
          <colspec colname="definition" />

          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry>PCR</entry>
              <entry>name</entry>
              <entry>Explanation</entry>
            </row>
          </thead>

          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>0</entry>
              <entry>platform-code</entry>
              <entry>Core system firmware executable code; changes on firmware updates</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>1</entry>
              <entry>platform-config</entry>
              <entry>Core system firmware data/host platform configuration; typically contains serial and model numbers, changes on basic hardware/CPU/RAM replacements</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>2</entry>
              <entry>external-code</entry>
              <entry>Extended or pluggable executable code; includes option ROMs on pluggable hardware</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>3</entry>
              <entry>external-config</entry>
              <entry>Extended or pluggable firmware data; includes information about pluggable hardware</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>4</entry>
              <entry>boot-loader-code</entry>
              <entry>Boot loader and additional drivers, PE binaries invoked by the boot loader; changes on boot loader updates. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-stub</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures system extension images read from the ESP here too (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-sysext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>5</entry>
              <entry>boot-loader-config</entry>
              <entry>GPT/Partition table; changes when the partitions are added, modified, or removed</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>7</entry>
              <entry>secure-boot-policy</entry>
              <entry>Secure Boot state; changes when UEFI SecureBoot mode is enabled/disabled, or firmware certificates (PK, KEK, db, dbx, …) changes.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>9</entry>
              <entry>kernel-initrd</entry>
              <entry>The Linux kernel measures all initrds it receives into this PCR.</entry>
              <!-- Strictly speaking only Linux >= 5.17 using the LOAD_FILE2 protocol, see https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=f046fff8bc4c4d8f8a478022e76e40b818f692df -->
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>10</entry>
              <entry>ima</entry>
              <entry>The IMA project measures its runtime state into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>11</entry>
              <entry>kernel-boot</entry>
              <entry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-stub</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures the ELF kernel image, embedded initrd and other payload of the PE image it is placed in into this PCR. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-pcrphase.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures boot phase strings into this PCR at various milestones of the boot process.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>12</entry>
              <entry>kernel-config</entry>
              <entry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-boot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures the kernel command line into this PCR. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-stub</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures any manually specified kernel command line (i.e. a kernel command line that overrides the one embedded in the unified PE image) and loaded credentials into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>13</entry>
              <entry>sysexts</entry>
              <entry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-stub</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures any <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-sysext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> images it passes to the booted kernel into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>14</entry>
              <entry>shim-policy</entry>
              <entry>The shim project measures its "MOK" certificates and hashes into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>15</entry>
              <entry>system-identity</entry>
              <entry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> optionally measures the volume key of activated LUKS volumes into this PCR. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-pcrmachine.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> into this PCR. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-pcrfs@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures mount points, file system UUIDs, labels, partition UUIDs of the root and <filename>/var/</filename> filesystems into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>16</entry>
              <entry>debug</entry>
              <entry>Debug</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>23</entry>
              <entry>application-support</entry>
              <entry>Application Support</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>

      <para>In general, encrypted volumes would be bound to some combination of PCRs 7, 11, and 14 (if
      shim/MOK is used). In order to allow firmware and OS version updates, it is typically not advisable to
      use PCRs such as 0 and 2, since the program code they cover should already be covered indirectly
      through the certificates measured into PCR 7. Validation through certificates hashes is typically
      preferable over validation through direct measurements as it is less brittle in context of OS/firmware
      updates: the measurements will change on every update, but signatures should remain unchanged. See the
      <ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/linux_tpm_pcr_registry/">Linux TPM PCR
      Registry</ulink> for more discussion.</para>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Limitations</title>

    <para>Note that currently when enrolling a new key of one of the five supported types listed above, it is
    required to first provide a passphrase, a recovery key, a FIDO2 token, or a TPM2 key. It's currently not
    supported to unlock a device with a PKCS#11 key in order to enroll a new PKCS#11 key. Thus, if in future
    key roll-over is desired it's generally recommended to ensure a passphrase, a recovery key, a FIDO2
    token, or a TPM2 key is always enrolled.</para>

    <para>Also note that support for enrolling multiple FIDO2 tokens is currently limited. When multiple FIDO2
    tokens are enrolled, <command>systemd-cryptsetup</command> will perform pre-flight requests to attempt to
    identify which of the enrolled tokens are currently plugged in. However, this is not possible for FIDO2
    tokens with user verification (UV, usually via biometrics), in which case it will fall back to attempting
    each enrolled token one by one. This will result in multiple prompts for PIN and user verification. This
    limitation does not apply to PKCS#11 tokens.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Compatibility</title>

    <para>Security technology both in systemd and in the general industry constantly evolves. In order to
    provide best security guarantees, the way TPM2, FIDO2, PKCS#11 devices are enrolled is regularly updated
    in newer versions of systemd. Whenever this happens the following compatibility guarantees are given:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para>Old enrollments continue to be supported and may be unlocked with newer versions of
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>The opposite is not guaranteed however: it might not be possible to unlock volumes with
      enrollments done with a newer version of <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> with an older version
      of <command>systemd-cryptsetup</command>.</para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>That said, it is generally recommended to use matching versions of
    <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> and <command>systemd-cryptsetup</command>, since this is best
    tested and supported.</para>

    <para>It might be advisable to re-enroll existing enrollments to take benefit of newer security features,
    as they are added to systemd.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Unlocking</title>

    <para>The following options are understood that may be used to unlock the device in preparation of the enrollment operations:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--unlock-key-file=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Use a file instead of a password/passphrase read from stdin to unlock the volume.
        Expects the PATH to the file containing your key to unlock the volume. Currently there is nothing like
        <option>--key-file-offset=</option> or <option>--key-file-size=</option> so this file has to only
        contain the full key.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--unlock-fido2-device=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Use a FIDO2 device instead of a password/passphrase read from stdin to unlock the
        volume. Expects a <filename>hidraw</filename> device referring to the FIDO2 device (e.g.
        <filename>/dev/hidraw1</filename>). Alternatively the special value <literal>auto</literal> may be
        specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a currently plugged in security
        token (of which there must be exactly one). This automatic discovery is unsupported if
        <option>--fido2-device=</option> option is also specified. Note that currently FIDO2 devices
        enrolled without an accompanying LUKS2 token (i.e. <option>--fido2-parameters-in-header=no</option>)
        cannot be used for unlocking.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--unlock-tpm2-device=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Use a TPM2 device instead of a password/passphrase read from stdin to unlock the
        volume. Expects a device node path referring to the TPM2 chip (e.g. <filename>/dev/tpmrm0</filename>).
        Alternatively the special value <literal>auto</literal> may be specified, in order to automatically
        determine the device node of a currently discovered TPM2 device (of which there must be exactly one).
        </para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Simple Enrollment</title>

    <para>The following options are understood that may be used to enroll simple user input based
    unlocking:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--password</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a regular password/passphrase. This command is mostly equivalent to
        <command>cryptsetup luksAddKey</command>, however may be combined with
        <option>--wipe-slot=</option> in one call, see below.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--recovery-key</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a recovery key. Recovery keys are mostly identical to passphrases, but are
        computer-generated instead of being chosen by a human, and thus have a guaranteed high entropy. The
        key uses a character set that is easy to type in, and may be scanned off screen via a QR code.
        </para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>PKCS#11 Enrollment</title>

    <para>The following option is understood that may be used to enroll PKCS#11 tokens:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--pkcs11-token-uri=<replaceable>URI</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a PKCS#11 security token or smartcard (e.g. a YubiKey). Expects a PKCS#11 URI
        that allows finding an X.509 certificate or a public key on the token. The URI must also be suitable
        to find a related private key after changing the type of object in it. Alternatively the special
        value <literal>auto</literal> may be specified, in order to automatically determine the suitable URI
        if a single security token containing a single key pair is plugged in. The special value
        <literal>list</literal> may be used to enumerate all suitable PKCS#11 tokens currently plugged in.
        </para>

        <para>The PKCS#11 token must contain an RSA or EC key pair which will be used to unlock a LUKS2 volume.
        For RSA, a randomly generated volume key is encrypted with a public key in the token, and stored in
        the LUKS2 JSON token header area. To unlock a volume, the stored encrypted volume key will be decrypted
        with a private key in the token. For ECC, ECDH algorithm is used: we generate a pair of EC keys in
        the same EC group, then derive a shared secret using the generated private key and the public key
        in the token. The derived shared secret is used as a volume key. The generated public key is
        stored in the LUKS2 JSON token header area. The generated private key is erased. To unlock a volume,
        we derive the shared secret with the stored public key and a private key in the token.</para>

        <para>In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled PKCS#11 security token, specify the
        <option>pkcs11-uri=</option> option in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line:</para>

        <programlisting>myvolume /dev/sda1 - pkcs11-uri=auto</programlisting>

        <para>See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
        more comprehensive example of a <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> invocation and its matching
        <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>FIDO2 Enrollment</title>

    <para>The following options are understood that may be used to enroll PKCS#11 tokens:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-credential-algorithm=<replaceable>STRING</replaceable></option></term>
        <listitem><para>Specify COSE algorithm used in credential generation. The default value is
        <literal>es256</literal>. Supported values are <literal>es256</literal>, <literal>rs256</literal>
        and <literal>eddsa</literal>.</para>

        <para><literal>es256</literal> denotes ECDSA over NIST P-256 with SHA-256. <literal>rs256</literal>
        denotes 2048-bit RSA with PKCS#1.5 padding and SHA-256. <literal>eddsa</literal> denotes
        EDDSA over Curve25519 with SHA-512.</para>

        <para>Note that your authenticator may choose not to support some algorithms.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-device=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a FIDO2 security token that implements the <literal>hmac-secret</literal>
        extension (e.g. a YubiKey). Expects a <filename>hidraw</filename> device referring to the FIDO2
        device (e.g. <filename>/dev/hidraw1</filename>). Alternatively the special value
        <literal>auto</literal> may be specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a
        currently plugged in security token (of which there must be exactly one). This automatic discovery
        is unsupported if <option>--unlock-fido2-device=</option> option is also specified. The special value
        <literal>list</literal> may be used to enumerate all suitable FIDO2 tokens currently plugged in. Note
        that many hardware security tokens that implement FIDO2 also implement the older PKCS#11
        standard. Typically FIDO2 is preferable, given it's simpler to use and more modern.</para>

        <para>In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled FIDO2 security token, specify the
        <option>fido2-device=</option> option in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line:</para>

        <programlisting>myvolume /dev/sda1 - fido2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
        more comprehensive example of a <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> invocation and its matching
        <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-salt-file=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, specifies the path to a file or an
        <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> socket from which we should read the salt value to be used in the
        HMAC operation performed by the FIDO2 security token. If this option is not specified, the salt
        will be randomly generated.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v257"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-parameters-in-header=<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to store FIDO2
        parameters in a token in the LUKS2 superblock. Defaults to <literal>yes</literal>.
        If set to <literal>no</literal>, the <option>fido2-cid=</option> option has to be specified manually
        in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line along with a key file. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v257"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-with-client-pin=<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require the user to enter
        a PIN when unlocking the volume (the FIDO2 <literal>clientPin</literal> feature). Defaults to
        <literal>yes</literal>. (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
        the <literal>clientPin</literal> feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling
        it.)</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v249"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-with-user-presence=<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require the user to
        verify presence (tap the token, the FIDO2 <literal>up</literal> feature) when unlocking the volume.
        Defaults to <literal>yes</literal>. (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
        the <literal>up</literal> feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling it.)
        </para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v249"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-with-user-verification=<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require user verification
        when unlocking the volume (the FIDO2 <literal>uv</literal> feature). Defaults to
        <literal>no</literal>. (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
        the <literal>uv</literal> feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling it.)</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v249"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>TPM2 Enrollment</title>

    <para>The following options are understood that may be used to enroll TPM2 devices:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-device=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a TPM2 security chip. Expects a device node path referring to the TPM2 chip
        (e.g. <filename>/dev/tpmrm0</filename>). Alternatively the special value <literal>auto</literal> may
        be specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a currently discovered TPM2
        device (of which there must be exactly one). The special value <literal>list</literal> may be used to
        enumerate all suitable TPM2 devices currently discovered.</para>

        <para>In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled TPM2 security chip, specify the
        <option>tpm2-device=</option> option in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line:</para>

        <programlisting>myvolume /dev/sda1 - tpm2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
        more comprehensive example of a <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> invocation and its matching
        <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line.</para>

        <para>Use <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option> (see below) to configure which TPM2 PCR indexes to bind the
        enrollment to.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-device-key=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a TPM2 security chip using its public key. Expects a path referring to the
        TPM2 public key in TPM2B_PUBLIC format. This cannot be used with <option>--tpm2-device=</option>, as
        it performs the same operation, but without connecting to the TPM2 security chip; instead the
        enrollment is calculated using the provided TPM2 key. This is useful in situations where the TPM2
        security chip is not available at the time of enrollment.</para>

        <para>The key, in most cases, should be the Storage Root Key (SRK) from a local TPM2 security
        chip. If a key from a different handle (not the SRK) is used, you must specify its handle index using
        <option>--tpm2-seal-key-handle=</option>.</para>

        <para>The
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-tpm2-setup.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        service writes the SRK to <filename>/run/systemd/tpm2-srk-public-key.tpm2b_public</filename>
        automatically during boot, in the correct format.</para>

        <para>Alternatively, you may use <command>systemd-analyze srk</command> to retrieve the SRK from the
        TPM2 security chip explicitly. See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        for details. Example:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-analyze srk &gt; srk.tpm2b_public</programlisting>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v255"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-seal-key-handle=<replaceable>HANDLE</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures which parent key to use for sealing, using the TPM handle (index) of the
        key. This is used to "seal" (encrypt) a secret and must be used later to "unseal" (decrypt) the
        secret. Expects a hexadecimal 32bit integer, optionally prefixed with
        <literal>0x</literal>. Allowable values are any handle index in the persistent
        (<literal>0x81000000</literal>-<literal>0x81ffffff</literal>) or transient
        (<literal>0x80000000</literal>-<literal>0x80ffffff</literal>) ranges. Since transient handles are
        lost after a TPM reset, and may be flushed during TPM context switching, they should not be used
        except for very specific use cases, e.g. testing.</para>

        <para>The default is the Storage Root Key (SRK) handle index <literal>0x81000001</literal>. A value
        of 0 will use the default. For the SRK handle, a new key will be created and stored in the TPM if one
        does not already exist; for any other handle, the key must already exist in the TPM at the specified
        handle index.</para>

        <para>This should not be changed unless you know what you are doing.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v255"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-pcrs=<replaceable>PCR<optional>+PCR...</optional></replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures the TPM2 PCRs (Platform Configuration Registers) to bind to when
        enrollment is requested via <option>--tpm2-device=</option>. Takes a list of PCR entries, where each
        entry starts with a name or numeric index in the range 0…23, optionally followed by
        <literal>:</literal> and a hash algorithm name (specifying the PCR bank), optionally followed by
        <literal>=</literal> and a hash digest value. Multiple PCR entries are separated by
        <literal>+</literal>. If not specified, the default is to use PCR 7 only. If an empty string is
        specified, binds the enrollment to no PCRs at all. See the table above for a list of available
        PCRs.</para>

        <para>Example: <option>--tpm2-pcrs=boot-loader-code+platform-config+boot-loader-config</option>
        specifies that PCR registers 4, 1, and 5 should be used.</para>
        <para>Example: <option>--tpm2-pcrs=7:sha256</option> specifies that PCR register 7 from the SHA256
        bank should be used.</para>
        <para>Example: <option>--tpm2-pcrs=4:sha1=3a3f780f11a4b49969fcaa80cd6e3957c33b2275</option>
        specifies that PCR register 4 from the SHA1 bank should be used, and a hash digest value of
        3a3f780f11a4b49969fcaa80cd6e3957c33b2275 will be used instead of reading the current PCR
        value.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-with-pin=<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a TPM2 device, controls whether to require the user to enter a PIN
        when unlocking the volume in addition to PCR binding, based on TPM2 policy authentication. Defaults
        to <literal>no</literal>. Despite being called PIN, any character can be used, not just numbers.
        </para>

        <para>Note that incorrect PIN entry when unlocking increments the TPM dictionary attack lockout
        mechanism, and may lock out users for a prolonged time, depending on its configuration. The lockout
        mechanism is a global property of the TPM, <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> does not control or
        configure the lockout mechanism. You may use tpm2-tss tools to inspect or configure the dictionary
        attack lockout, with <citerefentry
        project='mankier'><refentrytitle>tpm2_getcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        and <citerefentry
        project='mankier'><refentrytitle>tpm2_dictionarylockout</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        commands, respectively.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-public-key=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
        <term><option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=<replaceable>PCR<optional>+PCR...</optional></replaceable></option></term>
        <term><option>--tpm2-signature=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures a TPM2 signed PCR policy to bind encryption to. The
        <option>--tpm2-public-key=</option> option accepts a path to a PEM encoded RSA public key, to bind
        the encryption to. If this is not specified explicitly, but a file
        <filename>tpm2-pcr-public-key.pem</filename> exists in one of the directories
        <filename>/etc/systemd/</filename>, <filename>/run/systemd/</filename>,
        <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/</filename> (searched in this order), it is automatically used. The
        <option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option> option takes a list of TPM2 PCR indexes to bind to (same
        syntax as <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option> described above). If not specified defaults to 11 (i.e. this
        binds the policy to any unified kernel image for which a PCR signature can be provided).</para>

        <para>Note the difference between <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option> and
        <option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option>: the former binds decryption to the current, specific PCR
        values; the latter binds decryption to any set of PCR values for which a signature by the specified
        public key can be provided. The latter is hence more useful in scenarios where software updates shell
        be possible without losing access to all previously encrypted LUKS2 volumes. Like with
        <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option>, names defined in the table above can also be used to specify the
        registers, for instance
        <option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=boot-loader-code+system-identity</option>.</para>

        <para>The <option>--tpm2-signature=</option> option takes a path to a TPM2 PCR signature file as
        generated by the
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-measure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        tool. If this is not specified explicitly, a suitable signature file
        <filename>tpm2-pcr-signature.json</filename> is searched for in <filename>/etc/systemd/</filename>,
        <filename>/run/systemd/</filename>, <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/</filename> (in this order) and used.
        If a signature file is specified or found it is used to verify if the volume can be unlocked with it
        given the current PCR state, before the new slot is written to disk. This is intended as safety net
        to ensure that access to a volume is not lost if a public key is enrolled for which no valid
        signature for the current PCR state is available. If the supplied signature does not unlock the
        current PCR state and public key combination, no slot is enrolled and the operation will fail. If no
        signature file is specified or found no such safety verification is done.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-pcrlock=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures a TPM2 pcrlock policy to bind encryption to. Expects a path to a pcrlock
        policy file as generated by the
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-pcrlock</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        tool. If a TPM2 device is enrolled and this option is not used but a file
        <filename>pcrlock.json</filename> is found in <filename>/run/systemd/</filename> or
        <filename>/var/lib/systemd/</filename> it is automatically used. Assign an empty string to turn this
        behaviour off.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v255"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Other Options</title>

    <para>The following additional options are understood:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--wipe-slot=<replaceable>SLOT<optional>,SLOT...</optional></replaceable></option></term>

        <listitem><para>Wipes one or more LUKS2 key slots. Takes a comma separated list of numeric slot
        indexes, or the special strings <literal>all</literal> (for wiping all key slots),
        <literal>empty</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by an empty passphrase),
        <literal>password</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a traditional passphrase),
        <literal>recovery</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a recovery key),
        <literal>pkcs11</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a PKCS#11 token),
        <literal>fido2</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a FIDO2 token),
        <literal>tpm2</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a TPM2 chip), or any
        combination of these strings or numeric indexes, in which case all slots matching either are
        wiped. As safety precaution an operation that wipes all slots without exception (so that the volume
        cannot be unlocked at all anymore, unless the volume key is known) is refused.</para>

        <para>This switch may be used alone, in which case only the requested wipe operation is executed. It
        may also be used in combination with any of the enrollment options listed above, in which case the
        enrollment is completed first, and only when successful the wipe operation executed — and the newly
        added slot is always excluded from the wiping. Combining enrollment and slot wiping may thus be used to
        update existing enrollments:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=tpm2 --tpm2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>The above command will enroll the TPM2 chip, and then wipe all previously created TPM2
        enrollments on the LUKS2 volume, leaving only the newly created one. Combining wiping and enrollment
        may also be used to replace enrollments of different types, for example for changing from a PKCS#11
        enrollment to a FIDO2 one:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=pkcs11 --fido2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>Or for replacing an enrolled empty password by TPM2:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=empty --tpm2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--list-devices</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Show a list of candidate block devices this command may operate on. Specifically,
        this enumerates block devices currently present that contain a LUKS superblock, and shows their device
        node paths along with any of their symlinks.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v257"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
    </variablelist>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Credentials</title>

    <para><command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> supports the service credentials logic as implemented by
    <varname>ImportCredential=</varname>/<varname>LoadCredential=</varname>/<varname>SetCredential=</varname>
    (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
    details). The following credentials are used when passed in:</para>

    <variablelist class='system-credentials'>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>cryptenroll.passphrase</varname></term>
        <term><varname>cryptenroll.new-passphrase</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>May contain the passphrase to unlock the volume with/to newly enroll.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>cryptenroll.tpm2-pin</varname></term>
        <term><varname>cryptenroll.new-tpm2-pin</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>May contain the TPM2 PIN to unlock the volume with/to newly enroll.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>cryptenroll.fido2-pin</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>If a FIDO2 token is enrolled this may contain the PIN of the token.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><varname>cryptenroll.pkcs11-pin</varname></term>

        <listitem><para>If a PKCS#11 token is enrolled this may contain the PIN of the token.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Exit status</title>

    <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-measure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    contain various examples employing <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command>.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para><simplelist type="inline">
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-measure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
     </simplelist></para>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>