1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
<!--
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
-->
<title>Content Negotiation - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</title>
<link href="./style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
<link href="./style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
<link href="./style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./style/css/prettify.css" />
<script src="./style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>
<link href="./images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
<img alt="" src="./images/feather.png" /></div>
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div>
<div id="path">
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.5</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Content Negotiation</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/content-negotiation.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="./fr/content-negotiation.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Fran�ais"> fr </a> |
<a href="./ja/content-negotiation.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
<a href="./ko/content-negotiation.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
<a href="./tr/content-negotiation.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="T�rk�e"> tr </a></p>
</div>
<p>Apache HTTPD supports content negotiation as described in
the HTTP/1.1 specification. It can choose the best
representation of a resource based on the browser-supplied
preferences for media type, languages, character set and
encoding. It also implements a couple of features to give
more intelligent handling of requests from browsers that send
incomplete negotiation information.</p>
<p>Content negotiation is provided by the
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code> module, which is compiled in
by default.</p>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#about">About Content Negotiation</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#negotiation">Negotiation in httpd</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#methods">The Negotiation Methods</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#better">Fiddling with Quality
Values</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#extensions">Extensions to Transparent Content
Negotiation</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#naming">Note on hyperlinks and naming conventions</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#caching">Note on Caching</a></li>
</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="about" id="about">About Content Negotiation</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#about" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>A resource may be available in several different
representations. For example, it might be available in
different languages or different media types, or a combination.
One way of selecting the most appropriate choice is to give the
user an index page, and let them select. However it is often
possible for the server to choose automatically. This works
because browsers can send, as part of each request, information
about what representations they prefer. For example, a browser
could indicate that it would like to see information in French,
if possible, else English will do. Browsers indicate their
preferences by headers in the request. To request only French
representations, the browser would send</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>Accept-Language: fr</code></p></div>
<p>Note that this preference will only be applied when there is
a choice of representations and they vary by language.</p>
<p>As an example of a more complex request, this browser has
been configured to accept French and English, but prefer
French, and to accept various media types, preferring HTML over
plain text or other text types, and preferring GIF or JPEG over
other media types, but also allowing any other media type as a
last resort:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
Accept-Language: fr; q=1.0, en; q=0.5<br />
Accept: text/html; q=1.0, text/*; q=0.8, image/gif; q=0.6, image/jpeg; q=0.6, image/*; q=0.5, */*; q=0.1
</code></p></div>
<p>httpd supports 'server driven' content negotiation, as
defined in the HTTP/1.1 specification. It fully supports the
<code>Accept</code>, <code>Accept-Language</code>,
<code>Accept-Charset</code> and <code>Accept-Encoding</code>
request headers. httpd also supports 'transparent'
content negotiation, which is an experimental negotiation
protocol defined in RFC 2295 and RFC 2296. It does not offer
support for 'feature negotiation' as defined in these RFCs.</p>
<p>A <strong>resource</strong> is a conceptual entity
identified by a URI (RFC 2396). An HTTP server like Apache HTTP Server
provides access to <strong>representations</strong> of the
resource(s) within its namespace, with each representation in
the form of a sequence of bytes with a defined media type,
character set, encoding, etc. Each resource may be associated
with zero, one, or more than one representation at any given
time. If multiple representations are available, the resource
is referred to as <strong>negotiable</strong> and each of its
representations is termed a <strong>variant</strong>. The ways
in which the variants for a negotiable resource vary are called
the <strong>dimensions</strong> of negotiation.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="negotiation" id="negotiation">Negotiation in httpd</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#negotiation" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>In order to negotiate a resource, the server needs to be
given information about each of the variants. This is done in
one of two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>Using a type map (<em>i.e.</em>, a <code>*.var</code>
file) which names the files containing the variants
explicitly, or</li>
<li>Using a 'MultiViews' search, where the server does an
implicit filename pattern match and chooses from among the
results.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="type-map" id="type-map">Using a type-map file</a></h3>
<p>A type map is a document which is associated with the handler
named <code>type-map</code> (or, for backwards-compatibility with
older httpd configurations, the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#mime-type" title="see glossary">MIME-type</a>
<code>application/x-type-map</code>). Note that to use this
feature, you must have a handler set in the configuration that
defines a file suffix as <code>type-map</code>; this is best done
with</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AddHandler type-map .var</pre>
<p>in the server configuration file.</p>
<p>Type map files should have the same name as the resource
which they are describing, followed by the extension
<code>.var</code>. In the examples shown below, the resource is
named <code>foo</code>, so the type map file is named
<code>foo.var</code>.</p>
<p>This file should have an entry for each available
variant; these entries consist of contiguous HTTP-format header
lines. Entries for different variants are separated by blank
lines. Blank lines are illegal within an entry. It is
conventional to begin a map file with an entry for the combined
entity as a whole (although this is not required, and if
present will be ignored). An example map file is shown below.</p>
<p>URIs in this file are relative to the location of the type map
file. Usually, these files will be located in the same directory as
the type map file, but this is not required. You may provide
absolute or relative URIs for any file located on the same server as
the map file.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
URI: foo<br />
<br />
URI: foo.en.html<br />
Content-type: text/html<br />
Content-language: en<br />
<br />
URI: foo.fr.de.html<br />
Content-type: text/html;charset=iso-8859-2<br />
Content-language: fr, de<br />
</code></p></div>
<p>Note also that a typemap file will take precedence over the
filename's extension, even when Multiviews is on. If the
variants have different source qualities, that may be indicated
by the "qs" parameter to the media type, as in this picture
(available as JPEG, GIF, or ASCII-art): </p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
URI: foo<br />
<br />
URI: foo.jpeg<br />
Content-type: image/jpeg; qs=0.8<br />
<br />
URI: foo.gif<br />
Content-type: image/gif; qs=0.5<br />
<br />
URI: foo.txt<br />
Content-type: text/plain; qs=0.01<br />
</code></p></div>
<p>qs values can vary in the range 0.000 to 1.000. Note that
any variant with a qs value of 0.000 will never be chosen.
Variants with no 'qs' parameter value are given a qs factor of
1.0. The qs parameter indicates the relative 'quality' of this
variant compared to the other available variants, independent
of the client's capabilities. For example, a JPEG file is
usually of higher source quality than an ASCII file if it is
attempting to represent a photograph. However, if the resource
being represented is an original ASCII art, then an ASCII
representation would have a higher source quality than a JPEG
representation. A qs value is therefore specific to a given
variant depending on the nature of the resource it
represents.</p>
<p>The full list of headers recognized is available in the <a href="mod/mod_negotiation.html#typemaps">mod_negotiation
typemap</a> documentation.</p>
<h3><a name="multiviews" id="multiviews">Multiviews</a></h3>
<p><code>MultiViews</code> is a per-directory option, meaning it
can be set with an <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code>
directive within a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code>, <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code> or <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code> section in
<code>httpd.conf</code>, or (if <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> is properly set) in
<code>.htaccess</code> files. Note that <code>Options All</code>
does not set <code>MultiViews</code>; you have to ask for it by
name.</p>
<p>The effect of <code>MultiViews</code> is as follows: if the
server receives a request for <code>/some/dir/foo</code>, if
<code>/some/dir</code> has <code>MultiViews</code> enabled, and
<code>/some/dir/foo</code> does <em>not</em> exist, then the
server reads the directory looking for files named foo.*, and
effectively fakes up a type map which names all those files,
assigning them the same media types and content-encodings it
would have if the client had asked for one of them by name. It
then chooses the best match to the client's requirements.</p>
<p><code>MultiViews</code> may also apply to searches for the file
named by the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code> directive, if the
server is trying to index a directory. If the configuration files
specify</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">DirectoryIndex index</pre>
<p>then the server will arbitrate between <code>index.html</code>
and <code>index.html3</code> if both are present. If neither
are present, and <code>index.cgi</code> is there, the server
will run it.</p>
<p>If one of the files found when reading the directory does not
have an extension recognized by <code>mod_mime</code> to designate
its Charset, Content-Type, Language, or Encoding, then the result
depends on the setting of the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_mime.html#multiviewsmatch">MultiViewsMatch</a></code> directive. This
directive determines whether handlers, filters, and other
extension types can participate in MultiViews negotiation.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="methods" id="methods">The Negotiation Methods</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#methods" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>After httpd has obtained a list of the variants for a given
resource, either from a type-map file or from the filenames in
the directory, it invokes one of two methods to decide on the
'best' variant to return, if any. It is not necessary to know
any of the details of how negotiation actually takes place in
order to use httpd's content negotiation features. However the
rest of this document explains the methods used for those
interested. </p>
<p>There are two negotiation methods:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Server driven negotiation with the httpd
algorithm</strong> is used in the normal case. The httpd
algorithm is explained in more detail below. When this
algorithm is used, httpd can sometimes 'fiddle' the quality
factor of a particular dimension to achieve a better result.
The ways httpd can fiddle quality factors is explained in
more detail below.</li>
<li><strong>Transparent content negotiation</strong> is used
when the browser specifically requests this through the
mechanism defined in RFC 2295. This negotiation method gives
the browser full control over deciding on the 'best' variant,
the result is therefore dependent on the specific algorithms
used by the browser. As part of the transparent negotiation
process, the browser can ask httpd to run the 'remote
variant selection algorithm' defined in RFC 2296.</li>
</ol>
<h3><a name="dimensions" id="dimensions">Dimensions of Negotiation</a></h3>
<table>
<tr valign="top">
<th>Dimension</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Media Type</td>
<td>Browser indicates preferences with the <code>Accept</code>
header field. Each item can have an associated quality factor.
Variant description can also have a quality factor (the "qs"
parameter).</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Language</td>
<td>Browser indicates preferences with the
<code>Accept-Language</code> header field. Each item can have
a quality factor. Variants can be associated with none, one or
more than one language.</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Encoding</td>
<td>Browser indicates preference with the
<code>Accept-Encoding</code> header field. Each item can have
a quality factor.</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Charset</td>
<td>Browser indicates preference with the
<code>Accept-Charset</code> header field. Each item can have a
quality factor. Variants can indicate a charset as a parameter
of the media type.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">httpd Negotiation Algorithm</a></h3>
<p>httpd can use the following algorithm to select the 'best'
variant (if any) to return to the browser. This algorithm is
not further configurable. It operates as follows:</p>
<ol>
<li>First, for each dimension of the negotiation, check the
appropriate <em>Accept*</em> header field and assign a
quality to each variant. If the <em>Accept*</em> header for
any dimension implies that this variant is not acceptable,
eliminate it. If no variants remain, go to step 4.</li>
<li>
Select the 'best' variant by a process of elimination. Each
of the following tests is applied in order. Any variants
not selected at each test are eliminated. After each test,
if only one variant remains, select it as the best match
and proceed to step 3. If more than one variant remains,
move on to the next test.
<ol>
<li>Multiply the quality factor from the <code>Accept</code>
header with the quality-of-source factor for this variants
media type, and select the variants with the highest
value.</li>
<li>Select the variants with the highest language quality
factor.</li>
<li>Select the variants with the best language match,
using either the order of languages in the
<code>Accept-Language</code> header (if present), or else
the order of languages in the <code>LanguagePriority</code>
directive (if present).</li>
<li>Select the variants with the highest 'level' media
parameter (used to give the version of text/html media
types).</li>
<li>Select variants with the best charset media
parameters, as given on the <code>Accept-Charset</code>
header line. Charset ISO-8859-1 is acceptable unless
explicitly excluded. Variants with a <code>text/*</code>
media type but not explicitly associated with a particular
charset are assumed to be in ISO-8859-1.</li>
<li>Select those variants which have associated charset
media parameters that are <em>not</em> ISO-8859-1. If
there are no such variants, select all variants
instead.</li>
<li>Select the variants with the best encoding. If there
are variants with an encoding that is acceptable to the
user-agent, select only these variants. Otherwise if
there is a mix of encoded and non-encoded variants,
select only the unencoded variants. If either all
variants are encoded or all variants are not encoded,
select all variants.</li>
<li>Select the variants with the smallest content
length.</li>
<li>Select the first variant of those remaining. This
will be either the first listed in the type-map file, or
when variants are read from the directory, the one whose
file name comes first when sorted using ASCII code
order.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>The algorithm has now selected one 'best' variant, so
return it as the response. The HTTP response header
<code>Vary</code> is set to indicate the dimensions of
negotiation (browsers and caches can use this information when
caching the resource). End.</li>
<li>To get here means no variant was selected (because none
are acceptable to the browser). Return a 406 status (meaning
"No acceptable representation") with a response body
consisting of an HTML document listing the available
variants. Also set the HTTP <code>Vary</code> header to
indicate the dimensions of variance.</li>
</ol>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="better" id="better">Fiddling with Quality
Values</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#better" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>httpd sometimes changes the quality values from what would
be expected by a strict interpretation of the httpd
negotiation algorithm above. This is to get a better result
from the algorithm for browsers which do not send full or
accurate information. Some of the most popular browsers send
<code>Accept</code> header information which would otherwise
result in the selection of the wrong variant in many cases. If a
browser sends full and correct information these fiddles will not
be applied.</p>
<h3><a name="wildcards" id="wildcards">Media Types and Wildcards</a></h3>
<p>The <code>Accept:</code> request header indicates preferences
for media types. It can also include 'wildcard' media types, such
as "image/*" or "*/*" where the * matches any string. So a request
including:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>Accept: image/*, */*</code></p></div>
<p>would indicate that any type starting "image/" is acceptable,
as is any other type.
Some browsers routinely send wildcards in addition to explicit
types they can handle. For example:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
Accept: text/html, text/plain, image/gif, image/jpeg, */*
</code></p></div>
<p>The intention of this is to indicate that the explicitly listed
types are preferred, but if a different representation is
available, that is ok too. Using explicit quality values,
what the browser really wants is something like:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
Accept: text/html, text/plain, image/gif, image/jpeg, */*; q=0.01
</code></p></div>
<p>The explicit types have no quality factor, so they default to a
preference of 1.0 (the highest). The wildcard */* is given a
low preference of 0.01, so other types will only be returned if
no variant matches an explicitly listed type.</p>
<p>If the <code>Accept:</code> header contains <em>no</em> q
factors at all, httpd sets the q value of "*/*", if present, to
0.01 to emulate the desired behavior. It also sets the q value of
wildcards of the format "type/*" to 0.02 (so these are preferred
over matches against "*/*". If any media type on the
<code>Accept:</code> header contains a q factor, these special
values are <em>not</em> applied, so requests from browsers which
send the explicit information to start with work as expected.</p>
<h3><a name="exceptions" id="exceptions">Language Negotiation Exceptions</a></h3>
<p>New in httpd 2.0, some exceptions have been added to the
negotiation algorithm to allow graceful fallback when language
negotiation fails to find a match.</p>
<p>When a client requests a page on your server, but the server
cannot find a single page that matches the
<code>Accept-language</code> sent by
the browser, the server will return either a "No Acceptable
Variant" or "Multiple Choices" response to the client. To avoid
these error messages, it is possible to configure httpd to ignore
the <code>Accept-language</code> in these cases and provide a
document that does not explicitly match the client's request. The
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html#forcelanguagepriority">ForceLanguagePriority</a></code>
directive can be used to override one or both of these error
messages and substitute the servers judgement in the form of the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html#languagepriority">LanguagePriority</a></code>
directive.</p>
<p>The server will also attempt to match language-subsets when no
other match can be found. For example, if a client requests
documents with the language <code>en-GB</code> for British
English, the server is not normally allowed by the HTTP/1.1
standard to match that against a document that is marked as simply
<code>en</code>. (Note that it is almost surely a configuration
error to include <code>en-GB</code> and not <code>en</code> in the
<code>Accept-Language</code> header, since it is very unlikely
that a reader understands British English, but doesn't understand
English in general. Unfortunately, many current clients have
default configurations that resemble this.) However, if no other
language match is possible and the server is about to return a "No
Acceptable Variants" error or fallback to the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html#languagepriority">LanguagePriority</a></code>, the server
will ignore the subset specification and match <code>en-GB</code>
against <code>en</code> documents. Implicitly, httpd will add
the parent language to the client's acceptable language list with
a very low quality value. But note that if the client requests
"en-GB; q=0.9, fr; q=0.8", and the server has documents
designated "en" and "fr", then the "fr" document will be returned.
This is necessary to maintain compliance with the HTTP/1.1
specification and to work effectively with properly configured
clients.</p>
<p>In order to support advanced techniques (such as cookies or
special URL-paths) to determine the user's preferred language,
since httpd 2.0.47 <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code> recognizes
the <a href="env.html">environment variable</a>
<code>prefer-language</code>. If it exists and contains an
appropriate language tag, <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code> will
try to select a matching variant. If there's no such variant,
the normal negotiation process applies.</p>
<div class="example"><h3>Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">SetEnvIf Cookie "language=(.+)" prefer-language=$1
Header append Vary cookie</pre>
</div>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="extensions" id="extensions">Extensions to Transparent Content
Negotiation</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#extensions" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>httpd extends the transparent content negotiation protocol (RFC
2295) as follows. A new <code>{encoding ..}</code> element is used in
variant lists to label variants which are available with a specific
content-encoding only. The implementation of the RVSA/1.0 algorithm
(RFC 2296) is extended to recognize encoded variants in the list, and
to use them as candidate variants whenever their encodings are
acceptable according to the <code>Accept-Encoding</code> request
header. The RVSA/1.0 implementation does not round computed quality
factors to 5 decimal places before choosing the best variant.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="naming" id="naming">Note on hyperlinks and naming conventions</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#naming" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>If you are using language negotiation you can choose between
different naming conventions, because files can have more than
one extension, and the order of the extensions is normally
irrelevant (see the <a href="mod/mod_mime.html#multipleext">mod_mime</a> documentation
for details).</p>
<p>A typical file has a MIME-type extension (<em>e.g.</em>,
<code>html</code>), maybe an encoding extension (<em>e.g.</em>,
<code>gz</code>), and of course a language extension
(<em>e.g.</em>, <code>en</code>) when we have different
language variants of this file.</p>
<p>Examples:</p>
<ul>
<li>foo.en.html</li>
<li>foo.html.en</li>
<li>foo.en.html.gz</li>
</ul>
<p>Here some more examples of filenames together with valid and
invalid hyperlinks:</p>
<table class="bordered">
<tr>
<th>Filename</th>
<th>Valid hyperlink</th>
<th>Invalid hyperlink</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>foo.html.en</em></td>
<td>foo<br />
foo.html</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>foo.en.html</em></td>
<td>foo</td>
<td>foo.html</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>foo.html.en.gz</em></td>
<td>foo<br />
foo.html</td>
<td>foo.gz<br />
foo.html.gz</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>foo.en.html.gz</em></td>
<td>foo</td>
<td>foo.html<br />
foo.html.gz<br />
foo.gz</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>foo.gz.html.en</em></td>
<td>foo<br />
foo.gz<br />
foo.gz.html</td>
<td>foo.html</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>foo.html.gz.en</em></td>
<td>foo<br />
foo.html<br />
foo.html.gz</td>
<td>foo.gz</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Looking at the table above, you will notice that it is always
possible to use the name without any extensions in a hyperlink
(<em>e.g.</em>, <code>foo</code>). The advantage is that you
can hide the actual type of a document rsp. file and can change
it later, <em>e.g.</em>, from <code>html</code> to
<code>shtml</code> or <code>cgi</code> without changing any
hyperlink references.</p>
<p>If you want to continue to use a MIME-type in your
hyperlinks (<em>e.g.</em> <code>foo.html</code>) the language
extension (including an encoding extension if there is one)
must be on the right hand side of the MIME-type extension
(<em>e.g.</em>, <code>foo.html.en</code>).</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="caching" id="caching">Note on Caching</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#caching" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>When a cache stores a representation, it associates it with
the request URL. The next time that URL is requested, the cache
can use the stored representation. But, if the resource is
negotiable at the server, this might result in only the first
requested variant being cached and subsequent cache hits might
return the wrong response. To prevent this, httpd normally
marks all responses that are returned after content negotiation
as non-cacheable by HTTP/1.0 clients. httpd also supports the
HTTP/1.1 protocol features to allow caching of negotiated
responses.</p>
<p>For requests which come from a HTTP/1.0 compliant client
(either a browser or a cache), the directive <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html#cachenegotiateddocs">CacheNegotiatedDocs</a></code> can be
used to allow caching of responses which were subject to
negotiation. This directive can be given in the server config or
virtual host, and takes no arguments. It has no effect on requests
from HTTP/1.1 clients.</p>
<p>For HTTP/1.1 clients, httpd sends a <code>Vary</code> HTTP
response header to indicate the negotiation dimensions for the
response. Caches can use this information to determine whether a
subsequent request can be served from the local copy. To
encourage a cache to use the local copy regardless of the
negotiation dimensions, set the <code>force-no-vary</code> <a href="env.html#special">environment variable</a>.</p>
</div></div>
<div class="bottomlang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/content-negotiation.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="./fr/content-negotiation.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Fran�ais"> fr </a> |
<a href="./ja/content-negotiation.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
<a href="./ko/content-negotiation.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
<a href="./tr/content-negotiation.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="T�rk�e"> tr </a></p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="./images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed again by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Freenode, or sent to our <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
<script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
var comments_shortname = 'httpd';
var comments_identifier = 'http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/content-negotiation.html';
(function(w, d) {
if (w.location.hostname.toLowerCase() == "httpd.apache.org") {
d.write('<div id="comments_thread"><\/div>');
var s = d.createElement('script');
s.type = 'text/javascript';
s.async = true;
s.src = 'https://comments.apache.org/show_comments.lua?site=' + comments_shortname + '&page=' + comments_identifier;
(d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || d.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(s);
}
else {
d.write('<div id="comments_thread">Comments are disabled for this page at the moment.<\/div>');
}
})(window, document);
//--><!]]></script></div><div id="footer">
<p class="apache">Copyright 2019 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div><script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
if (typeof(prettyPrint) !== 'undefined') {
prettyPrint();
}
//--><!]]></script>
</body></html>
|
