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<manualpage metafile="expr.xml.meta">

  <title>Expressions in Apache HTTP Server</title>

  <summary>
    <p>Historically, there are several syntax variants for expressions used to express
        a condition in the different modules of the Apache HTTP Server.
        There is some ongoing effort to only use a single variant, called <em>ap_expr</em>,
        for all configuration directives.
        This document describes the <em>ap_expr</em> expression parser.
    </p>
    <p>The <em>ap_expr</em> expression is intended to replace most other
        expression variants in HTTPD. For example, the deprecated
        <directive module="mod_ssl">SSLRequire</directive> expressions can be
        replaced by <a href="mod/mod_authz_core.html#reqexpr">Require expr</a>.
    </p>
  </summary>

<seealso><directive module="core" type="section">If</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="core" type="section">ElseIf</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="core" type="section">Else</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="mod_rewrite">RewriteCond</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="mod_setenvif">SetEnvIfExpr</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="mod_headers">Header</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="mod_headers">RequestHeader</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="mod_filter">FilterProvider</directive></seealso>
<seealso><a href="mod/mod_authz_core.html#reqexpr">Require expr</a></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="mod_ssl">SSLRequire</directive></seealso>
<seealso><directive module="mod_log_debug">LogMessage</directive></seealso>
<seealso><module>mod_include</module></seealso>

  <section id="grammar">
    <title>Grammar in Backus-Naur Form notation</title>
      <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_Form">Backus-Naur Form</a> (BNF) is a notation
      technique for context-free grammars, often used to describe the syntax of languages used in computing.
      </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
expr        ::= "<strong>true</strong>" | "<strong>false</strong>"
              | "<strong>!</strong>" expr
              | expr "<strong>&amp;&amp;</strong>" expr
              | expr "<strong>||</strong>" expr
              | "<strong>(</strong>" expr "<strong>)</strong>"
              | comp

comp        ::= stringcomp
              | integercomp
              | unaryop word
              | word binaryop word
              | word "<strong>in</strong>" "<strong>{</strong>" wordlist "<strong>}</strong>"
              | word "<strong>in</strong>" listfunction
              | word "<strong>=~</strong>" regex
              | word "<strong>!~</strong>" regex


stringcomp  ::= word "<strong>==</strong>" word
              | word "<strong>!=</strong>" word
              | word "<strong>&lt;</strong>"  word
              | word "<strong>&lt;=</strong>" word
              | word "<strong>&gt;</strong>"  word
              | word "<strong>&gt;=</strong>" word

integercomp ::= word "<strong>-eq</strong>" word | word "<strong>eq</strong>" word
              | word "<strong>-ne</strong>" word | word "<strong>ne</strong>" word
              | word "<strong>-lt</strong>" word | word "<strong>lt</strong>" word
              | word "<strong>-le</strong>" word | word "<strong>le</strong>" word
              | word "<strong>-gt</strong>" word | word "<strong>gt</strong>" word
              | word "<strong>-ge</strong>" word | word "<strong>ge</strong>" word

wordlist    ::= word
              | wordlist "<strong>,</strong>" word

word        ::= word "<strong>.</strong>" word
              | digit
              | "<strong>'</strong>" string "<strong>'</strong>"
              | "<strong>"</strong>" string "<strong>"</strong>"
              | variable
              | rebackref
              | function

string      ::= stringpart
              | string stringpart

stringpart  ::= cstring
              | variable
              | rebackref

cstring     ::= ...
digit       ::= [0-9]+

variable    ::= "<strong>%{</strong>" varname "<strong>}</strong>"
              | "<strong>%{</strong>" funcname "<strong>:</strong>" funcargs "<strong>}</strong>"

rebackref   ::= "<strong>$</strong>" [0-9]

function     ::= funcname "<strong>(</strong>" word "<strong>)</strong>"

listfunction ::= listfuncname "<strong>(</strong>" word "<strong>)</strong>"
</pre>
</blockquote>

</section>

<section id="vars">
    <title>Variables</title>

    <p>The expression parser provides a number of variables of the form
    <code>%{HTTP_HOST}</code>. Note that the value of a variable may depend
    on the phase of the request processing in which it is evaluated.  For
    example, an expression used in an <directive>&lt;If &gt;</directive>
    directive is evaluated before authentication is done. Therefore,
    <code>%{REMOTE_USER}</code> will not be set in this case.</p>

    <p>The following variables provide the values of the named HTTP request
    headers. The values of other headers can be obtained witht the
    <code>req</code> <a href="#functions">function</a>.</p>

    <table border="1" style="zebra">
    <columnspec><column width="1"/></columnspec>

    <tr><th>Name</th></tr>
    <tr><td><code>HTTP_ACCEPT</code></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>HTTP_FORWARDED</code></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>HTTP_HOST</code></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>HTTP_PROXY_CONNECTION</code></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>HTTP_REFERER</code></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>HTTP_USER_AGENT</code></td></tr>

    </table>

    <p>Other request related variables</p>

    <table border="1" style="zebra">
    <columnspec><column width=".4"/><column width=".6"/></columnspec>

    <tr><th>Name</th><th>Description</th></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REQUEST_METHOD</code></td>
        <td>The HTTP method of the incoming request (e.g.
            <code>GET</code>)</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REQUEST_SCHEME</code></td>
        <td>The scheme part of the request's URI</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REQUEST_URI</code></td>
        <td>The path part of the request's URI</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>DOCUMENT_URI</code></td>
        <td>Same as REQUEST_URI</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REQUEST_FILENAME</code></td>
        <td>The full local filesystem path to the file or script matching the
            request, if this has already been determined by the server at the
            time <code>REQUEST_FILENAME</code> is referenced. Otherwise, such
            as when used in virtual host context, the same value as
            <code>REQUEST_URI</code> </td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>SCRIPT_FILENAME</code></td>
        <td>Same as <code>REQUEST_FILENAME</code></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>LAST_MODIFIED</code></td>
        <td>The date and time of last modification of the file in the format
            <code>20101231235959</code>, if this has already been determined by
            the server at the time <code>LAST_MODIFIED</code> is referenced.
            </td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>SCRIPT_USER</code></td>
        <td>The user name of the owner of the script.</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>SCRIPT_GROUP</code></td>
        <td>The group name of the group of the script.</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>PATH_INFO</code></td>
        <td>The trailing path name information, see
            <directive module="core">AcceptPathInfo</directive></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>QUERY_STRING</code></td>
        <td>The query string of the current request</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>IS_SUBREQ</code></td>
        <td>"<code>true</code>" if the current request is a subrequest,
            "<code>false</code>" otherwise</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>THE_REQUEST</code></td>
        <td>The complete request line (e.g.,
            "<code>GET /index.html HTTP/1.1</code>")</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REMOTE_ADDR</code></td>
        <td>The IP address of the remote host</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REMOTE_HOST</code></td>
        <td>The host name of the remote host</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REMOTE_USER</code></td>
        <td>The name of the authenticated user (if any)</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REMOTE_IDENT</code></td>
        <td>The user name set by <module>mod_ident</module></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>SERVER_NAME</code></td>
        <td>The <directive module="core">ServerName</directive> of
            the current vhost</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>SERVER_PORT</code></td>
        <td>The server port of the current vhost, see
            <directive module="core">ServerName</directive></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>SERVER_ADMIN</code></td>
        <td>The <directive module="core">ServerAdmin</directive> of
            the current vhost</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>SERVER_PROTOCOL</code></td>
        <td>The protocol used by the request</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>DOCUMENT_ROOT</code></td>
        <td>The <directive module="core">DocumentRoot</directive> of
            the current vhost</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>AUTH_TYPE</code></td>
        <td>The configured <directive module="mod_authn_core">AuthType</directive>
            (e.g. "<code>basic</code>")</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>CONTENT_TYPE</code></td>
        <td>The content type of the response</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>HANDLER</code></td>
        <td>The name of the <a href="handler.html">handler</a> creating
            the response</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>HTTPS</code></td>
        <td>"<code>on</code>" if the request uses https,
            "<code>off</code>" otherwise</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>IPV6</code></td>
        <td>"<code>on</code>" if the connection uses IPv6,
            "<code>off</code>" otherwise</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REQUEST_STATUS</code></td>
        <td>The HTTP error status of the request</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>REQUEST_LOG_ID</code></td>
        <td>The error log id of the request (see
            <directive module="core">ErrorLogFormat</directive>)</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>CONN_LOG_ID</code></td>
        <td>The error log id of the connection (see
            <directive module="core">ErrorLogFormat</directive>)</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>CONN_REMOTE_ADDR</code></td>
        <td>The peer IP address of the connection (see the
            <module>mod_remoteip</module> module)</td></tr>

    </table>

    <p>Misc variables</p>

    <table border="1" style="zebra">
    <columnspec><column width=".4"/><column width=".6"/></columnspec>

    <tr><th>Name</th><th>Description</th></tr>
    <tr><td><code>TIME_YEAR</code></td>
        <td>The current year (e.g. <code>2010</code>)</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>TIME_MON</code></td>
        <td>The current month (<code>1</code>, ..., <code>12</code>)</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>TIME_DAY</code></td>
        <td>The current day of the month</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>TIME_HOUR</code></td>
        <td>The hour part of the current time
            (<code>0</code>, ..., <code>23</code>)</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>TIME_MIN</code></td>
        <td>The minute part of the current time </td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>TIME_SEC</code></td>
        <td>The second part of the current time </td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>TIME_WDAY</code></td>
        <td>The day of the week (starting with <code>0</code>
            for Sunday)</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>TIME</code></td>
        <td>The date and time in the format <code>20101231235959</code></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>SERVER_SOFTWARE</code></td>
        <td>The server version string</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>API_VERSION</code></td>
        <td>The date of the API version (module magic number)</td></tr>
    </table>

    <p>Some modules register additional variables, see e.g. <module>mod_ssl</module>.</p>

</section>

<section id="binop">
    <title>Binary operators</title>

    <p>With the exception of some built-in comparison operators, binary
    operators have the form "<code>-[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+</code>", i.e. a
    minus and at least two characters. The name is not case sensitive.
    Modules may register additional binary operators.</p>

    <section id="comp">
    <title>Comparison operators</title>

    <table border="1" style="zebra">
    <columnspec><column width=".2"/><column width=".2"/><column width=".6"/></columnspec>

    <tr><th>Name</th><th>Alternative</th> <th>Description</th></tr>
    <tr><td><code>==</code></td>
        <td><code>=</code></td>
        <td>String equality</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>!=</code></td>
        <td></td>
        <td>String inequality</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>&lt;</code></td>
        <td></td>
        <td>String less than</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>&lt;=</code></td>
        <td></td>
        <td>String less than or equal</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>&gt;</code></td>
        <td></td>
        <td>String greater than</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>&gt;=</code></td>
        <td></td>
        <td>String greater than or equal</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-eq</code></td>
        <td><code>eq</code></td>
        <td>Integer equality</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-ne</code></td>
        <td><code>ne</code></td>
        <td>Integer inequality</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-lt</code></td>
        <td><code>lt</code></td>
        <td>Integer less than</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-le</code></td>
        <td><code>le</code></td>
        <td>Integer less than or equal</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-gt</code></td>
        <td><code>gt</code></td>
        <td>Integer greater than</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-ge</code></td>
        <td><code>ge</code></td>
        <td>Integer greater than or equal</td></tr>
    </table>
    </section>

    <section id="binaryother">
    <title>Other binary operators</title>

    <table border="1" style="zebra">
    <columnspec><column width=".2"/><column width=".8"/></columnspec>

    <tr><th>Name</th><th>Description</th></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-ipmatch</code></td>
        <td>IP address matches address/netmask</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-strmatch</code></td>
        <td>left string matches pattern given by right string (containing
            wildcards *, ?, [])</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-strcmatch</code></td>
        <td>same as <code>-strmatch</code>, but case insensitive</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-fnmatch</code></td>
        <td>same as <code>-strmatch</code>, but slashes are not matched by
            wildcards</td></tr>
    </table>
    </section>

</section>

<section id="unnop">
    <title>Unary operators</title>

    <p>Unary operators take one argument and have the form
    "<code>-[a-zA-Z]</code>", i.e. a minus and one character.
    The name <em>is</em> case sensitive.
    Modules may register additional unary operators.</p>

    <table border="1" style="zebra">
    <columnspec><column width=".2"/><column width=".2"/><column width=".6"/></columnspec>

    <tr><th>Name</th><th>Description</th><th>Restricted</th></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-d</code></td>
        <td>The argument is treated as a filename.
            True if the file exists and is a directory</td><td>yes</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-e</code></td>
        <td>The argument is treated as a filename.
            True if the file (or dir or special) exists</td><td>yes</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-f</code></td>
        <td>The argument is treated as a filename.
            True if the file exists and is regular file</td><td>yes</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-s</code></td>
        <td>The argument is treated as a filename.
            True if the file exists and is not empty</td><td>yes</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-L</code></td>
        <td>The argument is treated as a filename.
            True if the file exists and is symlink</td><td>yes</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-h</code></td>
        <td>The argument is treated as a filename.
            True if the file exists and is symlink
            (same as <code>-L</code>)</td><td>yes</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-F</code></td>
        <td>True if string is a valid file, accessible via all the server's
            currently-configured access controls for that path. This uses an
            internal subrequest to do the check, so use it with care - it can
            impact your server's performance!</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-U</code></td>
        <td>True if string is a valid URL, accessible via all the server's
            currently-configured access controls for that path. This uses an
            internal subrequest to do the check, so use it with care - it can
            impact your server's performance!</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-A</code></td>
        <td>Alias for <code>-U</code></td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-n</code></td>
        <td>True if string is not empty</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-z</code></td>
        <td>True if string is empty</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-T</code></td>
        <td>False if string is empty, "<code>0</code>", "<code>off</code>",
            "<code>false</code>", or "<code>no</code>" (case insensitive).
            True otherwise.</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-R</code></td>
        <td>Same as "<code>%{REMOTE_ADDR} -ipmatch ...</code>", but more efficient
        </td><td></td></tr>
    </table>

    <p>The operators marked as "restricted" are not available in some modules
    like <module>mod_include</module>.</p>
</section>

<section id="functions">
    <title>Functions</title>

    <p>Normal string-valued functions take one string as argument and return
    a string. Functions names are not case sensitive.
    Modules may register additional functions.</p>

    <table border="1" style="zebra">
    <columnspec><column width=".2"/><column width=".8"/></columnspec>

    <tr><th>Name</th><th>Description</th><th>Restricted</th></tr>
    <tr><td><code>req</code>, <code>http</code></td>
        <td>Get HTTP request header</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>resp</code></td>
        <td>Get HTTP response header</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>reqenv</code></td>
        <td>Lookup request environment variable</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>osenv</code></td>
        <td>Lookup operating system environment variable</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>note</code></td>
        <td>Lookup request note</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>env</code></td>
        <td>Return first match of <code>note</code>, <code>reqenv</code>,
            <code>osenv</code></td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>tolower</code></td>
        <td>Convert string to lower case</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>toupper</code></td>
        <td>Convert string to uppser case</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>escape</code></td>
        <td>Escape special characters in %hex encoding</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>unescape</code></td>
        <td>Unescape %hex encoded string, leaving encoded slashes alone;
            return empty string if %00 is found</td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>file</code></td>
        <td>Read contents from a file</td><td>yes</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>filesize</code></td>
        <td>Return size of a file (or 0 if file does not exist or is not
            regular file)</td><td>yes</td></tr>

    </table>

    <p>The functions marked as "restricted" are not available in some modules
    like <module>mod_include</module>.</p>

    <p>In addition to string-valued functions, there are also list-valued functions which
    take one string as argument and return a wordlist, i.e. a list of strings. The wordlist
    can be used with the special <code>-in</code> operator.
    Functions names are not case sensitive.
    Modules may register additional functions.</p>

    <p>There are no built-in list-valued functions. <module>mod_ssl</module>
    provides <code>PeerExtList</code>.  See the description of
    <directive module="mod_ssl">SSLRequire</directive> for details
    (but <code>PeerExtList</code> is also usable outside
    of <directive module="mod_ssl">SSLRequire</directive>).</p>

</section>

<section id="examples">
    
	<title>Example expressions</title>
	<p>The following examples show how expressions might be used to evaluate requests:</p>
	<!-- This section should probably be extended with more, useful examples -->
	<example>
	# Compare the host name to example.com and redirect to www.example.com if it matches<br />
	&lt;If "%{HTTP_HOST} == 'example.com'"&gt;<br />
	<indent>
		Redirect permanent / http://www.example.com<br />
	</indent>
	&lt;/If&gt;<br /><br />
	# Force text/plain if requesting a file with the query string contains 'forcetext'<br />
	&lt;If "%{QUERY_STRING} =~ /forcetext/"&gt;<br />
	<indent>
		ForceType text/plain<br />
	</indent>
	&lt;/If&gt;<br /><br />
	# Only allow access to this content during business hours<br />
	&lt;Directory "/foo/bar/business"&gt;<br />
	<indent>
		Require expr %{TIME_HOUR} &gt;= 9 &amp;&amp; %{TIME_HOUR} &lt;= 17 <br />
	</indent>
	&lt;/Directory&gt;	
	</example>
</section>

<section id="other">
    <title>Other</title>

    <table border="1" style="zebra">
    <columnspec><column width=".2"/><column width=".2"/><column width=".6"/></columnspec>

    <tr><th>Name</th><th>Alternative</th> <th>Description</th></tr>
    <tr><td><code>-in</code></td>
        <td><code>in</code></td>
        <td>string contained in string list</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>/regexp/</code></td>
        <td><code>m#regexp#</code></td>
        <td>Regular expression (the second form allows different delimiters than /)</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>/regexp/i</code></td>
        <td><code>m#regexp#i</code></td>
        <td>Case insensitive regular expression</td></tr>
    <tr><td><code>$0 ... $9</code></td>
        <td></td>
        <td>Regular expression backreferences</td></tr>
    </table>

    <section id="rebackref">
        <title>Regular expression backreferences</title>
        <p>The strings <code>$0</code> ... <code>$9</code> allow to reference
        the capture groups from a previously executed, successfully
        matching regular expressions. They can normally only be used in the
        same expression as the matching regex, but some modules allow special
        uses.</p>
    </section>

</section>

<section id="sslrequire">
    <title>Comparison with SSLRequire</title>
    <p>The <em>ap_expr</em> syntax is mostly a superset of the syntax of the
    deprecated <directive module="mod_ssl">SSLRequire</directive> directive.
    The differences are described in <directive
    module="mod_ssl">SSLRequire</directive>'s documentation.</p>
</section>

</manualpage>