summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/docs/manual/howto/cgi.xml
blob: f82b281ba7c61f5673d9762a457d02125659a039 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>
<!DOCTYPE manualpage SYSTEM "../style/manualpage.dtd">
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="../style/manual.en.xsl"?>
<manualpage>
  <relativepath href=".." />
  <parentdocument href="./">How-To / Tutorials</parentdocument>

  <title>Apache Tutorial: Dynamic Content with CGI</title>

  <section id="intro">
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <related>
      <modulelist>
        <module>mod_alias</module>

        <module>mod_cgi</module>
      </modulelist>

      <directivelist>
        <directive module="mod_mime">AddHandler</directive>

        <directive module="core">Options</directive>

        <directive module="mod_alias">ScriptAlias</directive>
      </directivelist>
    </related>

    <p>The CGI (Common Gateway Interface) defines a way for a web
    server to interact with external content-generating programs,
    which are often referred to as CGI programs or CGI scripts. It
    is the simplest, and most common, way to put dynamic content on
    your web site. This document will be an introduction to setting
    up CGI on your Apache web server, and getting started writing
    CGI programs.</p>
  </section>

  <section id="configuring">
    <title>Configuring Apache to permit CGI</title>

    <p>In order to get your CGI programs to work properly, you'll
    need to have Apache configured to permit CGI execution. There
    are several ways to do this.</p>

    <section id="scriptalias">
      <title>ScriptAlias</title>

      <p>The 
      <directive module="mod_alias">ScriptAlias</directive>

      directive tells Apache that a particular directory is set
      aside for CGI programs. Apache will assume that every file in
      this directory is a CGI program, and will attempt to execute
      it, when that particular resource is requested by a
      client.</p>

      <p>The 
      <directive module="mod_alias">ScriptAlias</directive>

      directive looks like:</p>

      <example>ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/</example>

      <p>The example shown is from your default 
      <code>httpd.conf</code>

      configuration file, if you installed Apache in the default
      location. The <code>ScriptAlias</code> directive is much like the 
      <code>Alias</code> directive, which defines a URL prefix that
      is to mapped to a particular directory.  <code>Alias</code>
      and <code>ScriptAlias</code> are usually used for directories 
      that are outside of the <code>DocumentRoot</code> directory. 
      The difference between <code>Alias</code> and 
      <code>ScriptAlias</code> is that <code>ScriptAlias</code>
      has the added meaning that everything under that URL prefix
      will be considered a CGI program. So, the example above tells
      Apache that any request for a resource beginning with 
      <code>/cgi-bin/</code> should be served from the directory 
      <code>/usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/</code>, and should be treated 
      as a CGI program.</p>

      <p>For example, if the URL 
      <code>http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/test.pl</code>
      is requested, Apache will attempt to execute the file 
      <code>/usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/test.pl</code>
      and return the output. Of course, the file will have to
      exist, and be executable, and return output in a particular
      way, or Apache will return an error message.</p>
    </section>

    <section id="nonscriptalias">
      <title>CGI outside of ScriptAlias directories</title>

      <p>CGI programs are often restricted to 
      <code>ScriptAlias</code>'ed directories for security reasons.
      In this way,
      administrators can tightly control who is allowed to use CGI
      programs. However, if the proper security precautions are
      taken, there is no reason why CGI programs cannot be run from
      arbitrary directories. For example, you may wish to let users
      have web content in their home directories with the 
      <code>UserDir</code> directive. If they want to have their own
      CGI programs, but don't have access to the main 
      <code>cgi-bin</code> directory, they will need to be able to
      run CGI programs elsewhere.</p>
    </section>

    <section id="options">
      <title>Explicitly using Options to permit CGI execution</title>

      <p>You could explicitly use the <code>Options</code>
      directive, inside your main server configuration file, to
      specify that CGI execution was permitted in a particular
      directory:</p>

      <example>&lt;Directory /usr/local/apache/htdocs/somedir&gt; <br />
      Options +ExecCGI<br />
      &lt;/Directory&gt;</example>

      <p>The above directive tells Apache to permit the execution
      of CGI files. You will also need to tell the server what
      files are CGI files. The following 
      <code>AddHandler</code>

      directive tells the server to treat all files with the 
      <code>cgi</code> or <code>pl</code> extension as CGI programs:</p>

      <example>AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl</example>
    </section>

    <section id="htaccess">
      <title>.htaccess files</title>

      <p>A <code>.htaccess</code> file is a way to set configuration
      directives on a per-directory basis. When Apache serves a 
      resource, it looks in the directory from which it is serving
      a file for a file called <code>.htaccess</code>, and, if it 
      finds it, it will apply directives found therein.  
      
      <code>.htaccess</code> files can be permitted with the 
      <code>AllowOverride</code> directive, which specifies what 
      types of directives can
      appear in these files, or if they are not allowed at all. To
      permit the directive we will need for this purpose, the
      following configuration will be needed in your main server
      configuration:</p>

      <example>AllowOverride Options</example>

      <p>In the <code>.htaccess</code> file, you'll need the 
      following directive:</p>

      <example>Options +ExecCGI</example>

      <p>which tells Apache that execution of CGI programs is
      permitted in this directory.</p>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="writing">
    <title>Writing a CGI program</title>

    <p>There are two main differences between ``regular''
    programming, and CGI programming.</p>

    <p>First, all output from your CGI program must be preceded by
    a MIME-type header. This is HTTP header that tells the client
    what sort of content it is receiving. Most of the time, this
    will look like:</p>

    <example>Content-type: text/html</example>

    <p>Secondly, your output needs to be in HTML, or some other
    format that a browser will be able to display. Most of the
    time, this will be HTML, but occasionally you might write a CGI
    program that outputs a gif image, or other non-HTML
    content.</p>

    <p>Apart from those two things, writing a CGI program will look
    a lot like any other program that you might write.</p>

    <section id="firstcgi">
      <title>Your first CGI program</title>

      <p>The following is an example CGI program that prints one
      line to your browser. Type in the following, save it to a
      file called <code>first.pl</code>, and put it in your 
      <code>cgi-bin</code> directory.</p>

      <example>#!/usr/bin/perl<br />
      print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";<br />
      print "Hello, World.";
      </example>

      <p>Even if you are not familiar with Perl, you should be able
      to see what is happening here. The first line tells Apache
      (or whatever shell you happen to be running under) that this
      program can be executed by feeding the file to the
      interpreter found at the location <code>/usr/bin/perl</code>.
      The second line prints the content-type declaration we
      talked about, followed by two carriage-return newline pairs.
      This puts a blank line after the header, to indicate the end
      of the HTTP headers, and the beginning of the body. The third
      line prints the string ``Hello, World.'' And that's the end
      of it.</p>

      <p>If you open your favorite browser and tell it to get the
      address</p>

      <example>http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/first.pl</example>

      <p>or wherever you put your file, you will see the one line 
      <code>Hello, World.</code>

      appear in your browser window. It's not very exciting, but
      once you get that working, you'll have a good chance of
      getting just about anything working.</p>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="troubleshoot">
    <title>But it's still not working!</title>

    <p>There are four basic things that you may see in your browser
    when you try to access your CGI program from the web:</p>

    <dl>
      <dt>The output of your CGI program</dt>

      <dd>Great! That means everything worked fine.
      </dd>

      <dt>The source code of your CGI program or a "POST Method Not
      Allowed" message</dt>

      <dd>That means that you have not properly configured Apache
      to process your CGI program. Reread the section on 
      <a href="#configuringapachetopermitcgi">configuring
      Apache</a>

      and try to find what you missed.
      </dd>

      <dt>A message starting with "Forbidden"</dt>

      <dd>That means that there is a permissions problem. Check the
      
      <a href="#errorlogs">Apache error log</a>

      and the section below on 
      <a href="#permissions">file permissions</a>.

      <br />
      </dd>

      <dt>A message saying "Internal Server Error"</dt>

      <dd>If you check the 
      <a href="#errorlogs">Apache error log</a>, you will probably
      find that it says "Premature end of
      script headers", possibly along with an error message
      generated by your CGI program. In this case, you will want to
      check each of the below sections to see what might be
      preventing your CGI program from emitting the proper HTTP
      headers.</dd>
    </dl>

    <section id="permissions">
      <title>File permissions</title>

      <p>Remember that the server does not run as you. That is,
      when the server starts up, it is running with the permissions
      of an unprivileged user - usually ``nobody'', or ``www'' -
      and so it will need extra permissions to execute files that
      are owned by you. Usually, the way to give a file sufficient
      permissions to be executed by ``nobody'' is to give everyone
      execute permission on the file:</p>

      <example>chmod a+x first.pl</example>

      <p>Also, if your program reads from, or writes to, any other
      files, those files will need to have the correct permissions
      to permit this.</p>

      <p>The exception to this is when the server is configured to
      use <a href="../suexec.html">suexec</a>.

      This program allows CGI programs to be run under different
      user permissions, depending on which virtual host or user
      home directory they are located in. Suexec has very strict
      permission checking, and any failure in that checking will
      result in your CGI programs failing with an "Internal Server
      Error". In this case, you will need to check the suexec log
      file to see what specific security check is failing.</p>
    </section>

    <section id="pathinformation">
      <title>Path information</title>

      <p>When you run a program from your command line, you have
      certain information that is passed to the shell without you
      thinking about it. For example, you have a path, which tells
      the shell where it can look for files that you reference.</p>

      <p>When a program runs through the web server as a CGI
      program, it does not have that path. Any programs that you
      invoke in your CGI program (like 'sendmail', for example)
      will need to be specified by a full path, so that the shell
      can find them when it attempts to execute your CGI
      program.</p>

      <p>A common manifestation of this is the path to the script
      interpreter (often <code>perl</code>) indicated in the first
      line of your CGI program, which will look something like:</p>

      <example>#!/usr/bin/perl</example>

      <p>Make sure that this is in fact the path to the
      interpreter.</p>
    </section>

    <section id="syntaxerrors">
      <title>Syntax errors</title>

      <p>Most of the time when a CGI program fails, it's because of
      a problem with the program itself. This is particularly true
      once you get the hang of this CGI stuff, and no longer make
      the above two mistakes. Always attempt to run your program
      from the command line before you test if via a browser. This
      will eliminate most of your problems.</p>
    </section>

    <section id="errorlogs">
      <title>Error logs</title>

      <p>The error logs are your friend. Anything that goes wrong
      generates message in the error log. You should always look
      there first. If the place where you are hosting your web site
      does not permit you access to the error log, you should
      probably host your site somewhere else. Learn to read the
      error logs, and you'll find that almost all of your problems
      are quickly identified, and quickly solved.</p>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="behindscenes">
    <title>What's going on behind the scenes?</title>

    <p>As you become more advanced in CGI programming, it will
    become useful to understand more about what's happening behind
    the scenes. Specifically, how the browser and server
    communicate with one another. Because although it's all very
    well to write a program that prints ``Hello, World.'', it's not
    particularly useful.</p>

    <section id="env">
      <title>Environment variables</title>

      <p>Environment variables are values that float around you as
      you use your computer. They are useful things like your path
      (where the computer searches for a the actual file
      implementing a command when you type it), your username, your
      terminal type, and so on. For a full list of your normal,
      every day environment variables, type 
      <code>env</code> at a command prompt.</p>

      <p>During the CGI transaction, the server and the browser
      also set environment variables, so that they can communicate
      with one another. These are things like the browser type
      (Netscape, IE, Lynx), the server type (Apache, IIS, WebSite),
      the name of the CGI program that is being run, and so on.</p>

      <p>These variables are available to the CGI programmer, and
      are half of the story of the client-server communication. The
      complete list of required variables is at 
      <a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/env.html">
      http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/env.html</a>
      </p>

      <p>This simple Perl CGI program will display all of the
      environment variables that are being passed around. Two
      similar programs are included in the 
      <code>cgi-bin</code>

      directory of the Apache distribution. Note that some
      variables are required, while others are optional, so you may
      see some variables listed that were not in the official list.
      In addition, Apache provides many different ways for you to 
      <a href="../env.html">add your own environment variables</a>

      to the basic ones provided by default.</p>

      <example>
      #!/usr/bin/perl<br />
      print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";<br />
      foreach $key (keys %ENV) {<br />
        print "$key --&gt; $ENV{$key}&lt;br&gt;";<br />
      }</example>
    </section>

    <section id="stdin">
      <title>STDIN and STDOUT</title>

      <p>Other communication between the server and the client
      happens over standard input (<code>STDIN</code>) and standard
      output (<code>STDOUT</code>). In normal everyday context, 
      <code>STDIN</code> means the keyboard, or a file that a 
      program is given to act on, and <code>STDOUT</code>
      usually means the console or screen.</p> 

      <p>When you <code>POST</code> a web form to a CGI program,
      the data in that form is bundled up into a special format
      and gets delivered to your CGI program over <code>STDIN</code>.
      The program then can process that data as though it was
      coming in from the keyboard, or from a file</p>

      <p>The ``special format'' is very simple. A field name and
      its value are joined together with an equals (=) sign, and
      pairs of values are joined together with an ampersand
      (&amp;). Inconvenient characters like spaces, ampersands, and
      equals signs, are converted into their hex equivalent so that
      they don't gum up the works. The whole data string might look
      something like:</p>

      <example>
      name=Rich%20Bowen&amp;city=Lexington&amp;state=KY&amp;sidekick=Squirrel%20Monkey
      </example>

      <p>You'll sometimes also see this type of string appended to
      the a URL. When that is done, the server puts that string
      into the environment variable called 
      <code>QUERY_STRING</code>. That's called a <code>GET</code>
      request. Your HTML form specifies whether a <code>GET</code>
      or a <code>POST</code> is used to deliver the data, by setting the 
      <code>METHOD</code> attribute in the <code>FORM</code> tag.</p>

      <p>Your program is then responsible for splitting that string
      up into useful information. Fortunately, there are libraries
      and modules available to help you process this data, as well
      as handle other of the aspects of your CGI program.</p>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="libraries">
    <title>CGI modules/libraries</title>

    <p>When you write CGI programs, you should consider using a
    code library, or module, to do most of the grunt work for you.
    This leads to fewer errors, and faster development.</p>

    <p>If you're writing CGI programs in Perl, modules are
    available on <a href="http://www.cpan.org/">CPAN</a>. The most
    popular module for this purpose is CGI.pm. You might
    also consider CGI::Lite, which implements a minimal set of
    functionality, which is all you need in most programs.</p>

    <p>If you're writing CGI programs in C, there are a variety of
    options. One of these is the CGIC library, from 
    <a href="http://www.boutell.com/cgic/">http://www.boutell.com/cgic/</a>
    </p>
  </section>

  <section id="moreinfo">
    <title>For more information</title>

    <p>There are a large number of CGI resources on the web. You
    can discuss CGI problems with other users on the Usenet group
    comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi. And the -servers mailing
    list from the HTML Writers Guild is a great source of answers
    to your questions. You can find out more at 
    <a href="http://www.hwg.org/lists/hwg-servers/">
    http://www.hwg.org/lists/hwg-servers/</a>
    </p>

    <p>And, of course, you should probably read the CGI
    specification, which has all the details on the operation of
    CGI programs. You can find the original version at the 
    <a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/interface.html">
    NCSA</a>

    and there is an updated draft at the 
    <a href="http://web.golux.com/coar/cgi/">Common Gateway
    Interface RFC project</a>.</p>

    <p>When you post a question about a CGI problem that you're
    having, whether to a mailing list, or to a newsgroup, make sure
    you provide enough information about what happened, what you
    expected to happen, and how what actually happened was
    different, what server you're running, what language your CGI
    program was in, and, if possible, the offending code. This will
    make finding your problem much simpler.</p>

    <p>Note that questions about CGI problems should <strong>never</strong>
    be posted to the Apache bug database unless you are sure you
    have found a problem in the Apache source code.</p>
  </section>
</manualpage>