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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
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<title>Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</title>
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<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
<img alt="" src="./images/feather.png" /></div>
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div>
<div id="path">
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.5</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/urlmapping.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="./fr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
<a href="./ja/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
<a href="./ko/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
<a href="./tr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
</div>
<p>This document explains how the Apache HTTP Server uses the URL of a request
to determine the filesystem location from which to serve a
file.</p>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#related">Related Modules and Directives</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#outside">Files Outside the DocumentRoot</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#user">User Directories</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#redirect">URL Redirection</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#proxy">Reverse Proxy</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewrite">Rewriting Engine</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#notfound">File Not Found</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#other">Other URL Mapping Modules</a></li>
</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="related" id="related">Related Modules and Directives</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#related" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_actions.html">mod_actions</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html#checkspelling">CheckSpelling</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#errordocument">ErrorDocument</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreverse">ProxyPassReverse</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiedomain">ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiepath">ProxyPassReverseCookiePath</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirect">Redirect</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptaliasmatch">ScriptAliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="documentroot" id="documentroot">DocumentRoot</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#documentroot" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>In deciding what file to serve for a given request, httpd's
default behavior is to take the URL-Path for the request (the part
of the URL following the hostname and port) and add it to the end
of the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> specified
in your configuration files. Therefore, the files and directories
underneath the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>
make up the basic document tree which will be visible from the
web.</p>
<p>For example, if <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>
were set to <code>/var/www/html</code> then a request for
<code>http://www.example.com/fish/guppies.html</code> would result
in the file <code>/var/www/html/fish/guppies.html</code> being
served to the requesting client.</p>
<p>If a directory is requested (i.e. a path ending with
<code>/</code>), the file served from that directory is defined by
the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code> directive.
For example, if <code>DocumentRoot</code> were set as above, and
you were to set:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>DirectoryIndex index.html index.php</code></p></div>
<p>Then a request for <code>http://www.example.com/fish/</code> will
cause httpd to attempt to serve the file
<code>/var/www/html/fish/index.html</code>. In the event that
that file does not exist, it will next attempt to serve the file
<code>/var/www/html/fish/index.php</code>.</p>
<p>If neither of these files existed, the next step is to
attempt to provide a directory index, if
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code> is loaded and configured to permit
that.</p>
<p>httpd is also capable of <a href="vhosts/">Virtual
Hosting</a>, where the server receives requests for more than one
host. In this case, a different <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> can be specified for each
virtual host, or alternatively, the directives provided by the
module <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code> can
be used to dynamically determine the appropriate place from which
to serve content based on the requested IP address or
hostname.</p>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> directive
is set in your main server configuration file
(<code>httpd.conf</code>) and, possibly, once per additional <a href="vhosts/">Virtual Host</a> you create.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="outside" id="outside">Files Outside the DocumentRoot</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#outside" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are frequently circumstances where it is necessary to
allow web access to parts of the filesystem that are not strictly
underneath the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>. httpd offers several
different ways to accomplish this. On Unix systems, symbolic links
can bring other parts of the filesystem under the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>. For security reasons,
httpd will follow symbolic links only if the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code> setting for the relevant
directory includes <code>FollowSymLinks</code> or
<code>SymLinksIfOwnerMatch</code>.</p>
<p>Alternatively, the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code> directive will map any part
of the filesystem into the web space. For example, with</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Alias "/docs" "/var/web"</pre>
<p>the URL <code>http://www.example.com/docs/dir/file.html</code>
will be served from <code>/var/web/dir/file.html</code>. The
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code> directive
works the same way, with the additional effect that all content
located at the target path is treated as <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cgi" title="see glossary">CGI</a> scripts.</p>
<p>For situations where you require additional flexibility, you
can use the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code>
and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptaliasmatch">ScriptAliasMatch</a></code>
directives to do powerful <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#regex" title="see glossary">regular
expression</a> based matching and substitution. For
example,</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ScriptAliasMatch "^/~([a-zA-Z0-9]+)/cgi-bin/(.+)" "/home/$1/cgi-bin/$2"</pre>
<p>will map a request to
<code>http://example.com/~user/cgi-bin/script.cgi</code> to the
path <code>/home/user/cgi-bin/script.cgi</code> and will treat
the resulting file as a CGI script.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="user" id="user">User Directories</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#user" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>Traditionally on Unix systems, the home directory of a
particular <em>user</em> can be referred to as
<code>~user/</code>. The module <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code>
extends this idea to the web by allowing files under each user's
home directory to be accessed using URLs such as the
following.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>http://www.example.com/~user/file.html</code></p></div>
<p>For security reasons, it is inappropriate to give direct
access to a user's home directory from the web. Therefore, the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code> directive
specifies a directory underneath the user's home directory
where web files are located. Using the default setting of
<code>Userdir public_html</code>, the above URL maps to a file
at a directory like
<code>/home/user/public_html/file.html</code> where
<code>/home/user/</code> is the user's home directory as
specified in <code>/etc/passwd</code>.</p>
<p>There are also several other forms of the
<code>Userdir</code> directive which you can use on systems
where <code>/etc/passwd</code> does not contain the location of
the home directory.</p>
<p>Some people find the "~" symbol (which is often encoded on the
web as <code>%7e</code>) to be awkward and prefer to use an
alternate string to represent user directories. This functionality
is not supported by mod_userdir. However, if users' home
directories are structured in a regular way, then it is possible
to use the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code>
directive to achieve the desired effect. For example, to make
<code>http://www.example.com/upages/user/file.html</code> map to
<code>/home/user/public_html/file.html</code>, use the following
<code>AliasMatch</code> directive:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AliasMatch "^/upages/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)(/(.*))?$" "/home/$1/public_html/$3"</pre>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="redirect" id="redirect">URL Redirection</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#redirect" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>The configuration directives discussed in the above sections
tell httpd to get content from a specific place in the filesystem
and return it to the client. Sometimes, it is desirable instead to
inform the client that the requested content is located at a
different URL, and instruct the client to make a new request with
the new URL. This is called <em>redirection</em> and is
implemented by the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirect">Redirect</a></code> directive. For example, if
the contents of the directory <code>/foo/</code> under the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> are moved
to the new directory <code>/bar/</code>, you can instruct clients
to request the content at the new location as follows:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Redirect permanent "/foo/" "http://www.example.com/bar/"</pre>
<p>This will redirect any URL-Path starting in
<code>/foo/</code> to the same URL path on the
<code>www.example.com</code> server with <code>/bar/</code>
substituted for <code>/foo/</code>. You can redirect clients to
any server, not only the origin server.</p>
<p>httpd also provides a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code> directive for more
complicated rewriting problems. For example, to redirect requests
for the site home page to a different site, but leave all other
requests alone, use the following configuration:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch permanent "^/$" "http://www.example.com/startpage.html"</pre>
<p>Alternatively, to temporarily redirect all pages on one site
to a particular page on another site, use the following:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch temp ".*" "http://othersite.example.com/startpage.html"</pre>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Reverse Proxy</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#proxy" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>httpd also allows you to bring remote documents into the URL space
of the local server. This technique is called <em>reverse
proxying</em> because the web server acts like a proxy server by
fetching the documents from a remote server and returning them to the
client. It is different from normal (forward) proxying because, to the client,
it appears the documents originate at the reverse proxy server.</p>
<p>In the following example, when clients request documents under the
<code>/foo/</code> directory, the server fetches those documents from
the <code>/bar/</code> directory on <code>internal.example.com</code>
and returns them to the client as if they were from the local
server.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ProxyPass "/foo/" "http://internal.example.com/bar/"
ProxyPassReverse "/foo/" "http://internal.example.com/bar/"
ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain internal.example.com public.example.com
ProxyPassReverseCookiePath "/foo/" "/bar/"</pre>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code> configures
the server to fetch the appropriate documents, while the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreverse">ProxyPassReverse</a></code>
directive rewrites redirects originating at
<code>internal.example.com</code> so that they target the appropriate
directory on the local server. Similarly, the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiedomain">ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain</a></code>
and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiepath">ProxyPassReverseCookiePath</a></code>
rewrite cookies set by the backend server.</p>
<p>It is important to note, however, that
links inside the documents will not be rewritten. So any absolute
links on <code>internal.example.com</code> will result in the client
breaking out of the proxy server and requesting directly from
<code>internal.example.com</code>. You can modify these links (and other
content) in a page as it is being served to the client using
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_substitute.html">mod_substitute</a></code>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Substitute s/internal\.example\.com/www.example.com/i</pre>
<p>For more sophisticated rewriting of links in HTML and XHTML, the
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy_html.html">mod_proxy_html</a></code> module is also available. It allows you
to create maps of URLs that need to be rewritten, so that complex
proxying scenarios can be handled.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="rewrite" id="rewrite">Rewriting Engine</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#rewrite" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>When even more powerful substitution is required, the rewriting
engine provided by <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
can be useful. The directives provided by this module can use
characteristics of the request such as browser type or source IP
address in deciding from where to serve content. In addition,
mod_rewrite can use external database files or programs to
determine how to handle a request. The rewriting engine is capable
of performing all three types of mappings discussed above:
internal redirects (aliases), external redirects, and proxying.
Many practical examples employing mod_rewrite are discussed in the
<a href="rewrite/">detailed mod_rewrite documentation</a>.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="notfound" id="notfound">File Not Found</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#notfound" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>Inevitably, URLs will be requested for which no matching
file can be found in the filesystem. This can happen for
several reasons. In some cases, it can be a result of moving
documents from one location to another. In this case, it is
best to use <a href="#redirect">URL redirection</a> to inform
clients of the new location of the resource. In this way, you
can assure that old bookmarks and links will continue to work,
even though the resource is at a new location.</p>
<p>Another common cause of "File Not Found" errors is
accidental mistyping of URLs, either directly in the browser,
or in HTML links. httpd provides the module
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code> (sic) to help with
this problem. When this module is activated, it will intercept
"File Not Found" errors and look for a resource with a similar
filename. If one such file is found, mod_speling will send an
HTTP redirect to the client informing it of the correct
location. If several "close" files are found, a list of
available alternatives will be presented to the client.</p>
<p>An especially useful feature of mod_speling, is that it will
compare filenames without respect to case. This can help
systems where users are unaware of the case-sensitive nature of
URLs and the unix filesystem. But using mod_speling for
anything more than the occasional URL correction can place
additional load on the server, since each "incorrect" request
is followed by a URL redirection and a new request from the
client.</p>
<p><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code> provides <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#fallbackresource">FallbackResource</a></code>, which can be used to map virtual
URIs to a real resource, which then serves them. This is a very
useful replacement for <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> when implementing
a 'front controller'</p>
<p>If all attempts to locate the content fail, httpd returns
an error page with HTTP status code 404 (file not found). The
appearance of this page is controlled with the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#errordocument">ErrorDocument</a></code> directive
and can be customized in a flexible manner as discussed in the
<a href="custom-error.html">Custom error responses</a>
document.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="other" id="other">Other URL Mapping Modules</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#other" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>Other modules available for URL mapping include:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_actions.html">mod_actions</a></code> - Maps a request to a CGI script
based on the request method, or resource MIME type.</li>
<li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code> - Provides basic mapping of a trailing
slash into an index file such as <code>index.html</code>.</li>
<li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code> - Maps a request to a URL based
on where a user clicks on an image embedded in a HTML document.</li>
<li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code> - Selects an appropriate
document based on client preferences such as language or content
compression.</li>
</ul>
</div></div>
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